Diversity Purple Book Flashcards
1
Q
What is counseling a client from a different cultural or social background called?
A
Cross-cultural, multicultural, or intercultural counseling.
These terms are roughly synonymous and involve working with clients of diverse backgrounds, emphasizing respect for cultural differences.
2
Q
What does culture refer to?
A
Customs, values, attitudes, beliefs, art, and language shared by a group, often passed from generation to generation.
This is because culture encompasses the shared practices and norms that distinguish one group from another.
3
Q
What does it mean when a client is culturally different?
A
They belong to a different culture from the counselor.
This is because multicultural counseling involves addressing the entire range of human difficulties while respecting and understanding cultural contexts.
4
Q
What is necessary to diagnose clients from a different culture?
A
Counselors need information about the client’s cultural background.
This is because cultural awareness is essential to avoid imposing one’s own values and to provide relevant and effective support.
5
Q
What does each socioeconomic group represent in the U.S.?
A
A separate culture.
This is because socioeconomic groups have distinct norms, behaviors, and values that can differ from other groups.
6
Q
Which therapist was not instrumental in the early social psychology movement?
A
Eric Berne.
This is because Berne, known for transactional analysis, focused on individual and group interactions but was not a major figure in the foundational work of social psychology.
7
Q
Which theorists believed humans have an instinct to fight?
A
Freud and Lorenz.
This is because Freud emphasized aggression as a basic instinct, while Lorenz viewed aggression as an evolutionary survival mechanism.
8
Q
Who believes aggression is learned?
A
Social learning theorists.
This is because Bandura’s research demonstrated that children imitate aggression when they observe it in admired or authoritative figures.
9
Q
How did the APGA contribute to cross-cultural counseling?
A
By forming the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance (now the AMCD) in 1972.
This is because this group focused on raising awareness and competence in multicultural counseling.
10
Q
What did Daniel Levinson propose?
A
A stage-crisis theory with life transitions, including a midlife crisis between ages 40 and 45 for men and five years earlier for women.
This is because his work emphasized developmental stages shaped by life events.
11
Q
What are the three factors that enhance interpersonal attraction?
A
Close proximity, physical attraction, and similar beliefs.
This is because social psychology shows that these factors increase the likelihood of forming positive relationships.
12
Q
What does contextualism imply?
A
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which it occurs.
This is because contextualism emphasizes the importance of cultural and environmental influences on behavior.
13
Q
Why did Carol Gilligan critique Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
A
She believed it was more applicable to males than females.
This is because Gilligan emphasized that women focus more on caregiving and responsibility, while men emphasize justice and rights.
14
Q
What helped popularize the multicultural counseling movement?
A
The civil rights movement.
This is because it emphasized equality and raised awareness of cultural diversity in counseling.
15
Q
What does a counselor refer to when discussing the probable outcome of a case?
A
The prognosis.
This is because prognosis involves predicting recovery likelihood and treatment outcomes.
16
Q
What is the counselor referring to when describing what must transpire from therapy?
A
Recommendations.
This is because recommendations outline the therapeutic actions believed necessary to address the client’s issues.
17
Q
What did Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrate?
A
People conform to social roles.
This is because participants internalized their assigned roles as guards or prisoners, leading to extreme behaviors.
18
Q
Who do clients typically prefer as counselors?
A
Someone of the same race and cultural background.
This is because similarity increases comfort and perceived understanding in counseling relationships.
19
Q
What is the frustration-aggression theory?
A
It states that frustration leads to aggression.
This is because Dollard and Miller’s theory links goal obstruction to aggressive behavior as a reaction.
20
Q
Who proposed cognitive dissonance theory?
A
Leon Festinger.
This is because his theory explains the motivation to reduce discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs or actions.
21
Q
What does it mean when culture is described as normative?
A
It provides individuals with standards of conduct.
This is because cultural norms guide acceptable behaviors within a society.
22
Q
What does a cultural norm describe?
A
How people are supposed to act.
This is because cultural norms set expectations for behavior, unlike statistical norms, which describe actual behavior.
23
Q
What are mores?
A
Beliefs and social customs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
This is because mores reflect moral standards within a culture and violations often lead to serious consequences.
24
Q
Who was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues?
A
Frank Parsons.
This is because he addressed sociocultural issues in guidance, earning him the title ‘father of guidance.’
25
A counselor working in polar regions and near the equator should primarily be concerned with what type of culture?
Ecological culture and national culture. This is because ecological culture relates to behaviors shaped by environmental conditions (e.g., clothing, shelter), while national culture reflects the shared language and governance of a country.
26
What indicates biological similarities and sameness among humans?
Universal culture. This is because the Human Genome Project shows we are more biologically alike than different, and universal needs like food, water, and sleep apply to all humans.
27
How do early vocalizations in infants differ across cultures?
They are nearly identical across all cultures. This is because initial vocalizations are universal, though environmental reinforcement later shapes language development.
28
What did Emory Bogardus's social distance scale evaluate?
How individuals felt toward other ethnic groups. This is because it measured prejudice and attitudes toward people of different backgrounds.
29
According to the foot-in-the-door technique, what should a counselor do when visiting a resistant client’s home?
Ask to come into the home as a small request before making a bigger one. This is because starting with a minor request increases compliance with subsequent, larger requests.
30
What reflects a country’s official language, central government, and stated viewpoint?
National culture. This is because national culture unifies citizens through shared governance and identity, often transcending regional differences.
31
How does a society differ from a culture?
A society is a self-perpetuating, independent group occupying a defined territory. This is because a society encompasses multiple cultures within its boundaries.
32
What does ethnocentrism involve?
Using one’s own culture as a standard to judge others. This is because ethnocentrism reflects the belief that one’s culture is superior to others.
33
Which statement is not ethnocentric?
"The Gross Domestic Product in the United States exceeds the figure in Mexico." This is because it is a factual economic comparison, not a subjective judgment of cultural superiority.
34
What are the effects of ethnocentrism?
It promotes patriotism and national sovereignty but can be dangerous in a nuclear age. This is because it fosters group pride but may lead to conflict when taken to extremes.
35
What is a key trait of a popular individual across cultures?
Good social skills. This is because effective interpersonal skills facilitate positive interactions and relationships.
36
What does social exchange theory propose about relationships?
Relationships endure when rewards exceed costs. This is because people seek relationships that provide a sense of profit or benefit.
37
What does balance theory postulate?
A tendency to achieve cognitive consistency. This is because people strive to reduce mental discomfort caused by conflicting thoughts or beliefs.
38
What do people often assume about attractive individuals?
That they have other positive traits. This is because of a bias known as the "halo effect," where physical attractiveness leads to assumptions of other desirable qualities.
39
What predicts retirement adjustment for older adults?
Financial security and health. This is because stable finances and good health are key factors in maintaining well-being during retirement.
40
How should a multicultural counselor approach diagnosis?
Within a cultural context. This is because behavior is influenced by cultural norms, and what is considered normal in one culture may differ in another.
41
How much social conformity would a counselor expect from a client of a different culture?
Less than from a client of the same culture. This is because we tend to hold individuals from our own culture to stricter standards.
42
How can behavior be diagnosed across cultures?
Behavior must be assessed in the context of the client’s culture. This is because cultural relativism shows that behavior can only be understood relative to cultural norms.
43
Is it normal in the U.S. to see a stranger for therapy?
Yes, but in other cultures, it would not be the norm. This is because some cultures expect personal relationships or successful outcomes before fees are accepted for help.
44
How does cognitive dissonance explain a woman’s choice between two watches?
She will read positive reviews about the chosen watch to justify her decision and reduce dissonance. This is because cognitive dissonance theory explains the need to align attitudes with actions to maintain harmony.
45
What happens to the likelihood of help in a crowd during a robbery?
The likelihood of help decreases as the number of bystanders increases. This is due to the bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility, where individuals assume someone else will take action.
46
A counselor reading this book says, 'I couldn’t care less about passing my comprehensive exam.' What does this represent?
An attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, minimizing tension. This is because denial helps alleviate the discomfort of inconsistent thoughts or actions.
47
What does the statement 'Even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low' represent?
An attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions. This aligns thoughts with behavior to resolve tension, often referred to as 'sweet lemon rationalization.'
48
How might someone reduce cognitive dissonance after purchasing a $50,000 watch?
They might focus on positive attributes of the watch and negative information about other models. This behavior aligns with seeking consistency between their decision and their beliefs.
49
What do middle- and upper-class U.S. clients typically want from a counselor?
A counselor who helps them work it out on their own. This reflects a cultural value of independence and self-sufficiency.
50
What type of counseling approach works best in cultures valuing authority?
An active-directive model. This approach is appreciated where guidance and structure are expected.
51
What does cognitive dissonance research mainly focus on?
Cognition and attitude formation. This is because the theory deals with inconsistencies between attitudes and actions.
52
What happens when parents do not tolerate or use aggression in raising children?
They produce less-aggressive children. This is supported by research showing that parenting styles impact behavior patterns.
53
Is Rogerian person-centered counseling effective in multicultural settings?
Yes, it promotes understanding across cultures due to its nonjudgmental and empathetic approach.
54
What is therapeutic surrender in multicultural counseling?
the client psychologically surrenders himself or herself to a
counselor from a different culture and becomes open with
feelings and thoughts
55
What factors promote therapeutic surrender?
Rapport, trust, listening, conquering resistance, and self-disclosure. These create a safe environment for openness.
56
Why might lower-income clients struggle with trust in counseling?
They may distrust counselors from higher social classes, fearing they will lose in such interactions.
57
Which client group might have the most difficulty with self-disclosure to a white counselor?
African American males. Cultural factors and historical distrust contribute to this hesitance.
58
According to assimilation-contrast theory, how are dissimilar attitudes perceived?
They are perceived as even more dissimilar. This contrast effect exaggerates differences in beliefs.
59
What is a common error in multicultural counseling regarding transference?
Negative transference is often interpreted as therapeutic resistance. This misinterpretation overlooks cultural and relational dynamics.
60
How do good listening skills impact therapeutic surrender?
They facilitate therapeutic surrender. Effective listening helps build trust and rapport.
61
Who can counselors advise more easily?
Clients from their own culture. Similarity in background fosters understanding and trust.
62
With whom is it easiest to empathize?
Clients similar to the counselor. Shared experiences and cultural understanding strengthen empathy.
63
Why is structuring important in cross-cultural counseling?
It clarifies the roles of counselor and client, reducing misunderstandings and enhancing effectiveness.
64
How do clients from another culture typically communicate with a counselor?
Differently than they would with someone from their own background. Trust issues and cultural differences influence communication.
65
What does misunderstanding slang in counseling indicate?
A connotative error. This occurs when words have different emotional meanings in different cultures.
66
What does it mean for a counselor to be monolingual?
The counselor speaks only one language. This can create barriers in multicultural settings.
67
What was a major historical factor in multicultural counseling?
The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education, which outlawed public school segregation.
68
What does multicultural counseling promote?
Eclecticism. Flexibility in approaches is essential to address diverse cultural needs.
69
What does the emic viewpoint emphasize?
A culture-specific perspective. It focuses on understanding the client’s unique cultural background.
70
What does the etic viewpoint assert?
That all humans are alike, allowing universal counseling techniques across cultures.
71
What does the statement 'All humans are more alike than different' represent?
The etic viewpoint. This universal perspective transcends cultural differences.
72
What does a counselor researching Native American culture demonstrate?
The emic viewpoint. This approach values cultural specificity and understanding.
73
What is the alloplastic method of coping?
Changing external factors in the environment to improve the client’s situation.
74
What is the autoplastic method of coping?
Changing oneself to adapt to the environment. This focuses on internal change.
75
What does la belle indifference suggest in a client with a conversion disorder?
The client is unconcerned about their symptoms, which are psychological in origin.
76
What is ambivalent transference?
Uncertainty or rapid emotional shifts toward the counselor, influenced by past authority figures.
77
What does personalism in multicultural counseling mean?
Viewing the client as a person with survival skills shaped by their environment, not as a diseased patient.
The view that all people must adjust to environmental and geological demands.
78
What might a client believe about a counselor who pushes the alloplastic viewpoint?
The client might believe the counselor is attacking the system, as the alloplastic approach focuses on changing the environment rather than the individual.
79
What is a key trait of good multicultural counselors?
Flexibility. Multicultural counselors adapt their methods to suit the cultural context and needs of their clients.
80
What does the statement, 'Hey, I’m African American, and it’s nearly impossible to hide it,' illustrate?
It illustrates that race is not the same as ethnicity. Race is visible and genetic, while ethnicity relates to cultural factors.
81
What should multicultural counselor training include?
It should be broad and interdisciplinary, encompassing topics beyond traditional counseling theories, such as cultural studies and global perspectives.
82
What is a significant result of doing cross-cultural counseling?
It makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences and highlights the need for cultural sensitivity.
83
What does social facilitation theory suggest about performance?
Performance improves in the presence of others, even without direct interaction.
84
What is the sleeper effect in social psychology?
It asserts that people may forget the communicator but remember the message over time, making the message more impactful later.
85
Which authors introduced social psychology in America in 1908?
William McDougall and Edward Alsworth Ross.
86
Who is associated with obedience and authority in psychology?
Stanley Milgram, known for his experiments on obedience, where participants administered shocks under perceived authority.
87
Under what conditions were participants in Milgram's experiment more likely to obey?
Participants were more likely to obey when instructions were given by an authority figure physically present in the room.
88
Who is most likely to have a strong need to affiliate with others?
Firstborns and only children, as their upbringing often fosters closer social connections.
89
What type of conflict involves choosing between two desirable options?
Approach–approach conflict, considered the easiest type of conflict to resolve.
90
What type of conflict involves choosing between two undesirable options?
Avoidance–avoidance conflict, often leading to indecision or avoidance behaviors.
91
What type of conflict occurs when a client is attracted to something with both positive and negative aspects?
Approach–avoidance conflict, which is the most challenging conflict to resolve.
92
According to congruity theory, when are clients more likely to accept a counselor's suggestions?
When they like the counselor, as this creates balance and consistency in their attitudes.
93
What concept of diversity do adept multicultural counselors usually support?
The salad bowl model, where diverse individuals retain their unique cultural identities while coexisting.
94
What did the Robbers’ Cave experiment demonstrate?
Hostility between groups can be reduced by assigning a superordinate goal that requires joint effort to achieve.
95
What does sex-role stereotyping in counseling involve?
Steering clients toward traditional gender roles, such as only considering feminine careers for female clients.
96
What does the statement 'whites are better than African Americans' illustrate?
Racism, the belief that some races are inherently superior to others.
97
What does research about affiliation suggest?
People affiliate to lower fear, and misery loves miserable company, particularly in high-anxiety situations.
98
In social situations, what does the Asch experiment suggest about conformity?
About one-third of individuals will conform to a group’s incorrect decision, even if it contradicts their own beliefs.
99
Which client is most likely to engage in introspection?
A higher social class client, such as a 52-year-old, single, African American male school administrator, as they face fewer external survival concerns.
100
What might a Japanese client avoiding eye contact signify?
Normal behavior within the context of their culture, where avoiding eye contact can be a sign of respect.
101
What does the term macroculture or majority culture refer to?
The dominant culture in a society that is widely accepted by the majority of citizens.
102
What does the term privilege mean?
Unearned advantage that grants individuals dominance, access to resources, and power in society.
103
How is privilege related to macroculture?
Privilege is often held by individuals within the macroculture, giving them greater access to power and resources.
104
What does Culture Epoch Theory suggest about cultural development?
That cultural evolution follows a universal sequence, with societies passing through predictable stages over time. This does not account for unique societal differences or variations in historical influence, and is not a valid notion.
105
What does 'race' refer to?
Race refers to the identification of individuals via distinct physical or bodily (somatic) characteristics such as skin color or facial features.
106
What is national culture?
The cultural patterns and values common to a specific country.
107
What is ideal culture?
The way individuals are supposed to behave according to societal expectations and norms.
108
What is real culture?
The actual behaviors and practices within a culture, including those that may be illicit or socially frowned upon.
109
How does ideal culture differ from real culture?
• Ideal culture represents societal expectations.
• Real culture includes all behaviors, even those that deviate from norms.
110
What is a counterculture?
A group that vehemently opposes the values and norms of the dominant culture.
111
What is an example of a counterculture?
The hippie movement of the 1960s, which rejected mainstream cultural values related to war, materialism, and social conformity.
112
Which therapist were instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?
• Sigmund Freud – Wrote Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921), discussing group dynamics and leadership.
• Emile Durkheim – A founder of modern sociology, known for formalizing group research (Rules of Sociological Method, Suicide).
• William McDougall – Developed hormic psychology, focusing on innate social instincts (Introduction to Social Psychology, 1908).
113
Which two theorists believed that humans have an instinct to fight, regardless of culture?
Sigmund Freud & Konrad Lorenz (Innate Aggression Theory).
• Freud – Argued that humans are driven by instincts of sex and aggression.
• Lorenz – Based his theory on animal behavior, observing that aggression is an innate survival mechanism (e.g., fish attacking alternate targets when the real target is removed).
• McDougall (not in the answer choices) also supported instinct theory related to aggression.
114
What is the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
A U.S. law (P.L. 88–352) that prohibits discrimination based on gender, race, religion, or national origin.
115
Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 significant?
It set the stage for addressing minority concerns and improving equal rights in employment, education, and public accommodations.
116
What is Levinson’s stage-crisis theory?
A controversial life stage model proposing that people go through major life transitions, including a midlife crisis.
117
What happens during Levinson’s Early Adult Transition?
Individuals make key decisions about college, the military, career, and separating from their parents (Leaving the Family Stage).
118
What is the Age 30 Transition in Levinson’s theory?
The phase where individuals try to make their dreams a reality, sometimes reassessing their life choices.
119
What is Levinson’s Midlife Transition?
A stressful phase where individuals question their dreams, acknowledge unmet goals, and become aware of mortality.
120
What happens in Levinson’s Age 50 Transition?
A period of self-reflection and adaptation to later adulthood.
121
What happens during Levinson’s Later Adulthood Transition?
Individuals make peace with their past and adjust to the reality of aging.
122
What is one major criticism of Levinson’s Stage-Crisis Theory?
It is considered gender-biased, as it suggests that men focus on career dreams while women focus on marriage and family.
123
What is Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg’s theory?
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory does not account for women's emphasis on caregiving and personal responsibility, while men focus more on individual rights and justice.
124
What is proxemics?
Proxemics is the study of proximity, including personal space, interpersonal distance, and territoriality.
125
What did Leon Festinger discover about proximity and relationships?
Leon Festinger found that friendship and attraction were highest among apartment dwellers who lived next door to each other.
126
What is propinquity in social psychology?
Propinquity refers to the tendency for people who are physically close (e.g., coworkers or neighbors) to develop friendships or romantic attraction.
127
What is a worldview?
A worldview is a person’s perception of their relationship to the world as a whole, including beliefs, values, and attitudes.
128
What is intercultural counseling?
Intercultural counseling means the same thing as multicultural counseling, referring to therapy that considers cultural backgrounds and differences.
129
What did Jensen claim about IQ?
Jensen attempted to argue that African Americans had lower IQs due to genetic factors, a claim that has been widely discredited.
130
What was the outcome of the Tarasoff case?
The Tarasoff case established a counselor’s duty to warn and protect an intended victim if a client poses a serious threat of harm.
131
What is frustration?
Frustration occurs when an individual is blocked from reaching a goal or when the goal is removed.
132
What is the Dollard/Miller hypothesis?
The Dollard/Miller hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression.
133
What was Albert Ellis’s view on frustration-aggression?
Albert Ellis disagreed with the frustration-aggression theory, arguing that aggression results from irrational thought processes rather than an automatic response.
134
What is deindividuation?
Deindividuation occurs when individuals lose their sense of identity, making them more likely to act aggressively or violently.
135
What is balance theory?
Balance theory suggests that people strive for consistency and balance in their belief systems by reducing or eliminating inconsistencies in their thoughts and actions.
136
How do individuals respond to inconsistencies in belief systems?
Individuals attempt to reduce or eliminate incompatible beliefs and actions to maintain psychological balance.
137
What are mores?
Mores are societal norms that determine what is good or bad for the welfare of a group. Violating mores often leads to punishment because they are considered essential to social order.
They are behaviors that are based on morals.
138
What are folkways?
Folkways describe normal, habitual behaviors in a society. Violating folkways generally results in embarrassment rather than severe punishment.
139
How do mores differ from folkways?
• Mores: Breaking them causes harm to others or threatens the group’s existence, leading to punishment.
• Folkways: Breaking them leads to embarrassment but not severe consequences.
140
What is ecological culture?
Ecological culture suggests that cultural norms develop based on practical and survival behaviors influenced by climate, resources, and the physical environment.
141
What is universal culture?
Universal culture refers to shared human needs across all cultures, such as food, water, air, sleep, as described in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
142
How do babies’ initial sounds compare across cultures?
Babies from all cultures make similar initial sounds, but their cultural environment reinforces certain verbalizations, shaping their language development.
143
When do babies typically say their first word?
Most babies say their first word around one year old and initially use one- or two-word phrases (holophrases).
144
What are holophrases?
Holophrases are one- or two-word phrases used by young children to express a full thought, such as “me eat” or “I Betty.”
145
How does language development progress?
• Initially, language is egocentric.
• By age 4, most children can construct simple sentences.
146
What did Anne Fernald discover about language development?
Anne Fernald found that by age 2, children in poverty may have a six-month language gap compared to wealthier peers. However, this does not determine destiny.
147
How does an unstimulating environment affect language development?
A lack of environmental stimulation, regardless of socioeconomic status (SES), can hinder vocalization and language development.
148
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
The foot-in-the-door technique is a compliance strategy where a person agrees to a small request (step 1), making them more likely to comply with a larger request (step 2).
149
How does the foot-in-the-door technique work in counseling?
A counselor may first ask for a small request (e.g., entering a client’s home) and then make a bigger request (e.g., asking for medical information in a child abuse case).
150
What study demonstrated the foot-in-the-door effect?
In 1966, Jonathan Freedman and Scott Fraser found that housewives who signed a safe-driving petition were more likely to agree to display a large “Drive Carefully” sign in their yards.
151
What is a Third Culture Kid (TCK)?
A Third Culture Kid (TCK) is a child who is raised in a culture different from their parents’ culture during their formative years.
152
How do cultures and societies relate to each other?
Cultures exist within societies, but not all members of a society necessarily share the same culture.
153
What is ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own group or culture is superior to others.
154
What did Robert LeVine and Donald Campbell say about ethnocentrism?
LeVine and Campbell stated that ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon, where ethnic groups attempt to prove their superiority over others.
155
What is acculturation?
Acculturation occurs when ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the dominant culture.
156
What is assimilation?
Assimilation happens when an individual becomes so highly acculturated that they become fully integrated into the dominant culture.
157
How do acculturation and assimilation differ?
• Acculturation: Adopting some elements of the dominant culture while retaining aspects of one’s original culture.
• Assimilation: A deeper level of acculturation where the individual fully integrates into the dominant culture, often losing their original cultural identity.
158
What is a modal personality?
A modal personality is the most typical personality profile of a given group, reflecting the traits and behaviors most commonly found within that group.
159
How is modal personality used in cultural studies?
It helps describe the common personality traits and behaviors that define a particular cultural or social group.
160
What is the terminal drop (or terminal decline) theory?
The terminal drop (or terminal decline) theory suggests that a dramatic decrease in intellectual functioning occurs within the last five years of life, primarily affecting verbal skills.
161
What does cognitive dissonance theory predict?
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that the person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.
162
How is independence viewed in middle- and upper-class U.S. culture?
In the U.S., especially among middle- and upper-class citizens, independence is considered a virtue, and reliance on others (including therapists or parents) is often discouraged.
163
How do clients from traditional cultures that value authority view counseling?
Clients from traditional cultures expect counselors to take an active role and may be disappointed if they do not receive direct advice.
164
What was Carl Rogers’ contribution to cross-cultural communication?
In the 1970s, Carl Rogers conducted workshops to enhance cross-cultural communication, attracting participants from around the world.
165
How is person-centered therapy viewed in multicultural counseling?
Person-centered therapy is nonjudgmental and works well for multicultural and multiracial clients, except in cultures that prefer structure or authority from a helper.
166
Why might person-centered therapy not work for all cultures?
Some ethnic or racial groups expect the counselor to take a directive, authoritative role, which differs from the non-directive approach of person-centered therapy.
167
How do low-income clients typically view counselors?
Low-income clients often see the counselor as an advice-giver rather than a facilitator of self-discovery.
168
What percentage of ethnic minority clients quit counseling after the first session?
Approximately 50% of ethnic minority clients quit counseling after the first session, often feeling they will not get what they need from the counselor.
169
Difficulties to therapeutic surrender
Language barriers, on the part of the client or the counselor,
intensify the difficulty of therapeutic surrender. One good
technique is to steer clear of slang or fancy therapeutic jargon
and try to speak in a clear, concise, and direct manner.
170
Why do some males struggle with expressing feelings?
Males, in general, may have difficulty expressing emotions, and African American males may be particularly hesitant to open up to white counselors due to historical and cultural factors.
171
What is 'structure' in multicultural counseling?
In multicultural counseling, structure refers to the counselor explaining the roles of both the helper and the helpee, which helps reduce embarrassment and enhances counseling effectiveness.
172
Why is structuring important in cross-cultural counseling?
The greater the social or cultural gap between counselor and client, the more essential structure becomes to establish clear expectations and build trust.
173
What is a monolithic perspective in counseling?
A monolithic perspective occurs when a counselor views all members of a particular cultural or ethnic group (e.g., African Americans or Latino/a Americans) as identical rather than recognizing individual differences.
174
Why is a monolithic perspective problematic in multicultural counseling?
It ignores individual diversity within cultural groups, leading to stereotypes and ineffective counseling approaches.
175
What is the autoplastic view of change?
The autoplastic view asserts that change comes from within the self, meaning individuals modify their thoughts and behaviors to adapt.
176
What is the alloplastic view of change?
The alloplastic view suggests that individuals cope best by changing or altering external factors in their environment.
177
How do autoplastic and alloplastic views differ?
• Autoplastic: Change comes from within (adjusting oneself).
• Alloplastic: Change comes from modifying the environment.
178
What is la belle indifférence?
La belle indifférence (or belle indifference) refers to a lack of concern or distress shown by some clients with conversion disorder about their symptoms.
179
What is malingering?
Malingering occurs when a person fakes or exaggerates a physical or emotional illness to avoid responsibilities such as work, military duty, or prison.
180
How does malingering differ from factitious disorder?
• Malingering: Motivated by external gain (e.g., avoiding work or legal consequences).
• Factitious Disorder: Fakes illness without external incentives, often for attention or sympathy.
181
What is contracting in counseling, and why is it useful in cross-cultural situations?
Contracting, used in Transactional Analysis (TA), reality therapy, and behavioral interventions, allows clients to have input before agreeing to treatment, preventing counselors from imposing their own cultural values.
182
How does Transactional Analysis (TA) relate to multicultural counseling?
TA helps highlight cultural and ethnic injunctions, but its complex terminology may be difficult for clients from different backgrounds.
183
Why is Gestalt therapy beneficial for certain cultural groups?
Gestalt therapy is effective for cultures that emphasize emotional liberation and nonverbal communication.
184
What is a potential risk of using Gestalt therapy in multicultural counseling?
For cultures that see emotional expression as a weakness, pushing Gestalt techniques too soon may alienate or distress clients.
185
Why might behaviorism not work for all cultural groups?
Some cultures do not value assertiveness, making behaviorist techniques less effective in multicultural counseling.
186
REBT in multicultural counseling
can be helpful when counseling clients from another culture
because it does not stress mental illness. The perception of the
REBT practitioner as a “teacher” makes the process of helping
more palatable to some populations.
187
What is pluralism?
Pluralism means that an individual exists in more than one category, recognizing diverse identities and coexistence within a society.
188
What is separatism?
Separatism occurs when a group completely withdraws from the political majority, refusing to integrate or cooperate with the dominant society.
189
What is cultural pluralism?
Cultural pluralism happens when people retain their cultural traditions while still cooperating in social, political, and economic matters.
190
How does pluralism relate to counseling?
In counseling, pluralism suggests that certain groups (e.g., women, minorities, older adults, alternative cultures, or individuals with disabilities) may require specialized services to address their unique needs.
191
Sleeper effect
when you are attempting to change someone’s opinion the change
may not occur immediately after the verbal exchange. In other
words, when a counselor provides guidance to a client a delay
may occur before the client accepts the message. The
communication may have more impact after some time has
passed.
192
What does affiliation mean in the behavioral sciences?
Affiliation refers to an individual’s need to associate and connect with others.
193
What did Stanley Schachter’s research conclude about affiliation?
Schachter found that the need to affiliate decreases for later-born children, meaning first-borns may have a stronger desire for social connection.
194
What is an approach-approach conflict?
An approach-approach conflict occurs when a person must choose between two desirable options.
## Footnote
Example: Deciding between two great job offers.
195
What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
An avoidance-avoidance conflict happens when a person must choose between two undesirable options.
## Footnote
Example: Choosing between doing an unpleasant chore or facing a penalty.
196
What is an approach-avoidance conflict?
An approach-avoidance conflict occurs when a person is drawn to and repelled by the same option.
## Footnote
Example: Wanting to take a high-paying job but disliking the long hours.
197
Clients in avoidance avoidance conflict….
often daydream, flee from the situation,
or regress instead of confronting the choices.
198
How is eye contact viewed in some Asian cultures?
In some Asian cultures, avoiding eye contact with an authority figure is seen as a sign of respect, which differs from Western norms.
199
How do some Asian Americans view verbal expression?
Some Asian Americans are taught that speaking too much is improper, and bragging or expressing strong emotions may be seen as shameful.
200
How do some Asian Americans view mental illness?
Mental illness may be seen as a genetic flaw and a family secret, leading to a preference for solving problems within family meetings rather than seeking outside help.
201
What type of therapy do Derald Wing Sue and David Sue suggest for Asian American clients?
They recommend brief, structured, and directive therapy with specific problem-solving goals, as it aligns with cultural values of self-control and practicality.
202
What role does folk healing play in Latino/a culture?
Some Latinos/as value folk healing, which can be spiritual, involving trance-like states and communication with God.
203
What percentage of Latinos/as in the U.S. are of Mexican heritage?
Approximately 65% of Latinos/as in the U.S. are of Mexican heritage, according to the 2014 U.S. Census Bureau.
