Counseling And Helping Relationships-- Purple BOOK

Question 1

Who created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively?

Answer 1

Alfred Adler (individual psychology) and Carl Jung (analytic psychology).

Adler focused on individual psychology, emphasizing social interest and community, while Jung developed analytic psychology, highlighting archetypes and the collective unconscious.

Question 2

What are the three ego states in Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis, and what do they correspond to in Freud’s theory?

Answer 2

The Child, Adult, and Parent ego states correspond to Freud’s id, ego, and superego.

Berne used these constructs to explain behavior and personality, while Freud’s structural theory focused on the underlying forces shaping human behavior.

Question 3

In Transactional Analysis (TA), what represents the conscience or moral behavior?

Answer 3

The Parent represents the conscience or moral behavior in TA, while it corresponds to the superego in Freudian theory.

Both the Parent (TA) and superego (Freudian theory) are concerned with morality and the internalized standards of right and wrong.

Question 4

According to Freud, how is the superego developed?

Answer 4

Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego through identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

Freud theorized that resolving the Oedipus complex creates the superego as the child identifies with the same-sex parent to emulate their authority and internalize societal norms.

Question 5

What role does the ego play in Freud’s theory?

Answer 5

The ego acts as the executive administrator of the personality, operating under the reality principle to mediate between the id’s desires and the superego’s demands.

Question 6

What does a client threatening self-destructive acts indicate?

Answer 6

A client threatening self-destructive acts is ruled primarily by Thanatos.

Freud’s concept of Thanatos represents the death instinct, which drives destructive behaviors, contrasting with Eros, the life instinct that promotes survival and procreation.

Question 7

What principle does the id operate on according to Freud?

Answer 7

The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of instincts such as hunger, thirst, or libido.

Question 8

If the mind is likened to a seesaw, which component is the fulcrum?

Answer 8

The ego serves as the fulcrum, mediating between the id’s instinctual urges and the superego’s moral constraints.

Question 9

What technique involves a therapist instructing a patient to ‘say whatever comes to mind’?

Answer 9

This technique is called free association.

Free association is a psychoanalytic technique where clients speak without censorship, allowing unconscious thoughts and feelings to surface, facilitating insight into hidden conflicts.

Question 10

How does the superego differ from the id?

Answer 10

The superego strives for perfection, unlike the id, which seeks pleasure.

Question 11

Which theorist is not associated with the analytic movement?

Answer 11

Wolpe is not associated with the analytic movement.

Wolpe, who is associated with behavior therapy and systematic desensitization, is not part of the analytic movement, which focuses on the unconscious and psychodynamic theories.

Question 12

What are the two types of content in dreams according to Freud?

Answer 12

Freud described dreams as having manifest and latent content.

Manifest content is the surface meaning of a dream, while latent content represents the hidden, symbolic meaning.

Question 13

What is called when a client projects unconscious feelings onto the therapist?

Answer 13

This is called transference.

Transference occurs when clients displace feelings from past relationships onto the therapist, often replaying unresolved conflicts.

Question 14

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

Answer 14

Little Albert is not associated with the psychodynamic movement.

Little Albert is a behaviorist case by John Watson, demonstrating conditioned fear. The others (Little Hans, Anna O., Schreber) are iconic cases in psychoanalysis.

Question 15

How does psychodynamic therapy differ from classical psychoanalysis?

Answer 15

Psychodynamic therapy uses fewer sessions and is conducted face-to-face.

These adjustments make it more practical and accessible while retaining psychoanalytic principles.

Question 16

What term describes the curative process of talking to purge emotions?

Answer 16

This process is called catharsis or abreaction.

Catharsis refers to releasing pent-up emotions, providing psychological relief.

Question 17

What components correspond to Freud’s topographical theory?

Answer 17

The components are unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.

Question 18

What is the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory?

Answer 18

The Oedipus complex is the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory.

Question 19

What evidence supports the existence of the unconscious mind?

Answer 19

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from hypnosis, slips of the tongue, and dreams.

The SUDS scale is a behavioral tool for measuring anxiety, unrelated to unconscious dynamics.

Question 20

If a client recalls a past event after a delay, which part of the mind is at work?

Answer 20

The preconscious mind is at work.

Question 21

What are unconscious processes that minimize anxiety called?

Answer 21

These are called ego defense mechanisms.

Question 22

What is considered the most important ego defense mechanism according to Freudians?

Answer 22

Repression is considered the most important ego defense mechanism.

Question 23

How does suppression differ from repression?

Answer 23

Suppression is a conscious act, while repression is automatic and unconscious.

Question 24

What does an aggressive person becoming a professional boxer demonstrate?

Answer 24

This demonstrates sublimation.

Sublimation channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

Question 25

What does secretly embedding subliminal messages in ads demonstrate?

Answer 25

This demonstrates subliminal perception, not sublimation.

Question 26

What is the behavior of a man who receives a small raise but yells at his wife later an example of?

Answer 26

Displacement. This occurs when a person redirects negative emotions or impulses from the original source (the boss) to a safer target (his wife).

Question 27

What is the term for a student who says, ‘Straight-A students are eggheads,’ after receiving an ‘F’ in physical education?

Answer 27

Sour grapes rationalization. This defense mechanism involves underrating a reward or goal that one failed to achieve.

Question 28

What is it called when a counselor says sweating in a non-air-conditioned office helps with weight control?

Answer 28

Sweet lemon rationalization. This involves exaggerating the positive aspects of an undesirable situation to make it more acceptable.

Question 29

What is the term for a tennis player who enters a competition despite breaking his arm?

Answer 29

Denial. The individual refuses to acknowledge the reality of their injury.

Question 30

What is the defense mechanism where one sees their own flaws in others?

Answer 30

Projection. This occurs when an individual attributes their own unacceptable qualities or feelings to someone else.

Question 31

What is the term for a man crusading against pornography who unconsciously uses this cause to view such material?

Answer 31

Reaction formation. This involves behaving in a way that is opposite to one’s true feelings or desires.

Question 32

What defense mechanism is exhibited by a man who feels intellectually inferior but spends hours building his muscles at the gym?

Answer 32

Compensation. This occurs when someone focuses on developing strengths in one area to counterbalance perceived weaknesses in another.

Question 33

What is the term for Jane, who feels inferior but becomes president of a board and identifies herself by this title?

Answer 33

Identification. This involves associating oneself with a group or role to enhance self-worth.

Question 34

What is it called when a client adopts his father’s values as his own?

Answer 34

Introjection. This occurs when a person unconsciously absorbs the attitudes, beliefs, or values of others.

Question 35

What is the term for a client who resists completing assignments or following a counselor’s directions?

Answer 35

Resistance. This is a client’s attempt to block progress in therapy.

Question 36

Why do critics argue that Freud’s theories are hard to test scientifically?

Answer 36

Many Freudian concepts are abstract and cannot be directly observed or measured.

Question 37

What is the purpose of interpretation in counseling?

Answer 37

To make clients aware of their unconscious processes.

Question 38

Who emphasized organ inferiority?

Answer 38

Alfred Adler. He focused on how individuals strive to overcome feelings of inferiority.

Question 39

What happens when a client gains awareness of a previously unknown factor in their life?

Answer 39

Insight. This involves a sudden understanding or realization of an underlying issue.

Question 40

What did Jung say about men and women operating on different principles?

Answer 40

Logos represents logical thinking, while Eros emphasizes relational and emotional understanding.

Question 41

What did Jung call the balanced drawings he used for self-analysis?

Answer 41

Mandalas. These symbols represent wholeness or self-unification.

Question 42

Who emphasized the drive for superiority?

Answer 42

Alfred Adler. He believed that striving for superiority motivates behavior.

Question 43

Which theorist stated that sibling interaction may impact personality more than parent-child interaction?

Answer 43

Alfred Adler. He emphasized the role of sibling relationships in personality development.

Question 44

What did neo-Freudians emphasize that Freud did not?

Answer 44

Social factors. They focused on interpersonal relationships and cultural influences.

Question 45

Who introduced the concepts of introversion and extroversion?

Answer 45

Carl Jung. He described introverts as inwardly focused and extroverts as outwardly focused.

Question 46

The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the work of which theorist?

Answer 46

Carl Jung. The MBTI assesses personality based on Jung’s theories.

Question 47

Who was the first to discuss group therapy in private practice?

Answer 47

Rudolph Dreikurs. He applied Adlerian principles to schools and group therapy.

Question 48

What concept emphasizes that people wish to belong according to Adler?

Answer 48

Social connectedness. This is a fundamental human motivation.

Question 49

What technique involves instructing a client afraid of public speaking to exaggerate their fear?

Answer 49

Paradox. This encourages clients to confront and intensify their fears.

Question 50

What are the feminine and masculine sides called in Jungian theory?

Answer 50

Anima (feminine side) and animus (masculine side). These archetypes must be integrated for psychological balance.

Question 51

What is the material that makes up the collective unconscious called?

Answer 51

Archetypes. These universal symbols reflect common human experiences.

Question 52

What are examples of Jungian archetypes?

Answer 52

The persona, the shadow, and the self. They represent universal patterns in the collective unconscious.

Question 53

What is it called when a counselor points out a discrepancy between a client’s words and actions?

Answer 53

Confrontation. This technique promotes self-awareness and deeper exploration.

Question 54

What is the concern called when a counselor worries that stopping thumb-sucking might lead to nail-biting?

Answer 54

Symptom substitution. This suggests that addressing a symptom may cause new symptoms to emerge.

Question 55

What is an eclectic counselor?

Answer 55

An eclectic counselor selects techniques from various theories to fit the client’s unique needs.