Counseling And Helping Relationships-- Purple BOOK Flashcards
(245 cards)
1
Q
Who created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively?
A
Alfred Adler (individual psychology) and Carl Jung (analytic psychology).
Adler focused on individual psychology, emphasizing social interest and community, while Jung developed analytic psychology, highlighting archetypes and the collective unconscious.
2
Q
What are the three ego states in Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis, and what do they correspond to in Freud’s theory?
A
The Child, Adult, and Parent ego states correspond to Freud’s id, ego, and superego.
Berne used these constructs to explain behavior and personality, while Freud’s structural theory focused on the underlying forces shaping human behavior.
3
Q
In Transactional Analysis (TA), what represents the conscience or moral behavior?
A
The Parent represents the conscience or moral behavior in TA, while it corresponds to the superego in Freudian theory.
Both the Parent (TA) and superego (Freudian theory) are concerned with morality and the internalized standards of right and wrong.
4
Q
According to Freud, how is the superego developed?
A
Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex leads to the development of the superego through identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
Freud theorized that resolving the Oedipus complex creates the superego as the child identifies with the same-sex parent to emulate their authority and internalize societal norms.
5
Q
What role does the ego play in Freud’s theory?
A
The ego acts as the executive administrator of the personality, operating under the reality principle to mediate between the id’s desires and the superego’s demands.
6
Q
What does a client threatening self-destructive acts indicate?
A
A client threatening self-destructive acts is ruled primarily by Thanatos.
Freud’s concept of Thanatos represents the death instinct, which drives destructive behaviors, contrasting with Eros, the life instinct that promotes survival and procreation.
7
Q
What principle does the id operate on according to Freud?
A
The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of instincts such as hunger, thirst, or libido.
8
Q
If the mind is likened to a seesaw, which component is the fulcrum?
A
The ego serves as the fulcrum, mediating between the id’s instinctual urges and the superego’s moral constraints.
9
Q
What technique involves a therapist instructing a patient to ‘say whatever comes to mind’?
A
This technique is called free association.
Free association is a psychoanalytic technique where clients speak without censorship, allowing unconscious thoughts and feelings to surface, facilitating insight into hidden conflicts.
10
Q
How does the superego differ from the id?
A
The superego strives for perfection, unlike the id, which seeks pleasure.
11
Q
Which theorist is not associated with the analytic movement?
A
Wolpe is not associated with the analytic movement.
Wolpe, who is associated with behavior therapy and systematic desensitization, is not part of the analytic movement, which focuses on the unconscious and psychodynamic theories.
12
Q
What are the two types of content in dreams according to Freud?
A
Freud described dreams as having manifest and latent content.
Manifest content is the surface meaning of a dream, while latent content represents the hidden, symbolic meaning.
13
Q
What is called when a client projects unconscious feelings onto the therapist?
A
This is called transference.
Transference occurs when clients displace feelings from past relationships onto the therapist, often replaying unresolved conflicts.
14
Q
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
A
Little Albert is not associated with the psychodynamic movement.
Little Albert is a behaviorist case by John Watson, demonstrating conditioned fear. The others (Little Hans, Anna O., Schreber) are iconic cases in psychoanalysis.
15
Q
How does psychodynamic therapy differ from classical psychoanalysis?
A
Psychodynamic therapy uses fewer sessions and is conducted face-to-face.
These adjustments make it more practical and accessible while retaining psychoanalytic principles.
16
Q
What term describes the curative process of talking to purge emotions?
A
This process is called catharsis or abreaction.
Catharsis refers to releasing pent-up emotions, providing psychological relief.
17
Q
What components correspond to Freud’s topographical theory?
A
The components are unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
18
Q
What is the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory?
A
The Oedipus complex is the most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory.
19
Q
What evidence supports the existence of the unconscious mind?
A
Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from hypnosis, slips of the tongue, and dreams.
The SUDS scale is a behavioral tool for measuring anxiety, unrelated to unconscious dynamics.
20
Q
If a client recalls a past event after a delay, which part of the mind is at work?
A
The preconscious mind is at work.
21
Q
What are unconscious processes that minimize anxiety called?
A
These are called ego defense mechanisms.
22
Q
What is considered the most important ego defense mechanism according to Freudians?
A
Repression is considered the most important ego defense mechanism.
23
Q
How does suppression differ from repression?
A
Suppression is a conscious act, while repression is automatic and unconscious.
24
Q
What does an aggressive person becoming a professional boxer demonstrate?
A
This demonstrates sublimation.
Sublimation channels unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.
25
What does secretly embedding subliminal messages in ads demonstrate?
This demonstrates subliminal perception, not sublimation.
26
What is the behavior of a man who receives a small raise but yells at his wife later an example of?
Displacement. This occurs when a person redirects negative emotions or impulses from the original source (the boss) to a safer target (his wife).
27
What is the term for a student who says, 'Straight-A students are eggheads,' after receiving an 'F' in physical education?
Sour grapes rationalization. This defense mechanism involves underrating a reward or goal that one failed to achieve.
28
What is it called when a counselor says sweating in a non-air-conditioned office helps with weight control?
Sweet lemon rationalization. This involves exaggerating the positive aspects of an undesirable situation to make it more acceptable.
29
What is the term for a tennis player who enters a competition despite breaking his arm?
Denial. The individual refuses to acknowledge the reality of their injury.
30
What is the defense mechanism where one sees their own flaws in others?
Projection. This occurs when an individual attributes their own unacceptable qualities or feelings to someone else.
31
What is the term for a man crusading against pornography who unconsciously uses this cause to view such material?
Reaction formation. This involves behaving in a way that is opposite to one's true feelings or desires.
32
What defense mechanism is exhibited by a man who feels intellectually inferior but spends hours building his muscles at the gym?
Compensation. This occurs when someone focuses on developing strengths in one area to counterbalance perceived weaknesses in another.
33
What is the term for Jane, who feels inferior but becomes president of a board and identifies herself by this title?
Identification. This involves associating oneself with a group or role to enhance self-worth.
34
What is it called when a client adopts his father's values as his own?
Introjection. This occurs when a person unconsciously absorbs the attitudes, beliefs, or values of others.
35
What is the term for a client who resists completing assignments or following a counselor's directions?
Resistance. This is a client's attempt to block progress in therapy.
36
Why do critics argue that Freud's theories are hard to test scientifically?
Many Freudian concepts are abstract and cannot be directly observed or measured.
37
What is the purpose of interpretation in counseling?
To make clients aware of their unconscious processes.
38
Who emphasized organ inferiority?
Alfred Adler. He focused on how individuals strive to overcome feelings of inferiority.
39
What happens when a client gains awareness of a previously unknown factor in their life?
Insight. This involves a sudden understanding or realization of an underlying issue.
40
What did Jung say about men and women operating on different principles?
Logos represents logical thinking, while Eros emphasizes relational and emotional understanding.
41
What did Jung call the balanced drawings he used for self-analysis?
Mandalas. These symbols represent wholeness or self-unification.
42
Who emphasized the drive for superiority?
Alfred Adler. He believed that striving for superiority motivates behavior.
43
Which theorist stated that sibling interaction may impact personality more than parent-child interaction?
Alfred Adler. He emphasized the role of sibling relationships in personality development.
44
What did neo-Freudians emphasize that Freud did not?
Social factors. They focused on interpersonal relationships and cultural influences.
45
Who introduced the concepts of introversion and extroversion?
Carl Jung. He described introverts as inwardly focused and extroverts as outwardly focused.
46
The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on the work of which theorist?
Carl Jung. The MBTI assesses personality based on Jung’s theories.
47
Who was the first to discuss group therapy in private practice?
Rudolph Dreikurs. He applied Adlerian principles to schools and group therapy.
48
What concept emphasizes that people wish to belong according to Adler?
Social connectedness. This is a fundamental human motivation.
49
What technique involves instructing a client afraid of public speaking to exaggerate their fear?
Paradox. This encourages clients to confront and intensify their fears.
50
What are the feminine and masculine sides called in Jungian theory?
Anima (feminine side) and animus (masculine side). These archetypes must be integrated for psychological balance.
51
What is the material that makes up the collective unconscious called?
Archetypes. These universal symbols reflect common human experiences.
52
What are examples of Jungian archetypes?
The persona, the shadow, and the self. They represent universal patterns in the collective unconscious.
53
What is it called when a counselor points out a discrepancy between a client’s words and actions?
Confrontation. This technique promotes self-awareness and deeper exploration.
54
What is the concern called when a counselor worries that stopping thumb-sucking might lead to nail-biting?
Symptom substitution. This suggests that addressing a symptom may cause new symptoms to emerge.
55
What is an eclectic counselor?
An eclectic counselor selects techniques from various theories to fit the client’s unique needs.
56
Who is most closely associated with the word “eclectic”?
Frederick C. Thorne. Eclecticism involves combining techniques and theories from different approaches in a scientific manner.
57
A counselor who is obsessed with a missed session is experiencing what?
Countertransference. This occurs when the counselor projects their own feelings onto the client.
58
Who emphasized lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation?
Adler. Adler believed these factors shaped personality and social interactions.
59
A counselor attributing leadership qualities to firstborns is likely influenced by whom?
Adler. Adler emphasized the role of birth order in personality development.
60
Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism.
Associationism. Associationism is the philosophical foundation for behaviorism.
61
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on which concept?
Edward Thorndike’s law of effect. Thorndike stated that behaviors followed by satisfaction are repeated.
62
Who is associated with classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov’s experiments with dogs established the basis of classical conditioning.
63
In Pavlov’s experiment, what is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
The meat. The UCS naturally elicits a response (salivation) without prior learning.
64
What is another term for Skinner’s operant conditioning?
Instrumental learning. This term emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
65
Respondent behavior refers to what?
Reflexes. Respondent behavior is an automatic response to a stimulus.
66
What do all reinforcers do?
Increase the probability that a behavior will occur. Reinforcers strengthen the behavior they follow.
67
Is negative reinforcement the same as punishment?
No, negative reinforcement increases behavior, while punishment decreases it. Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior.
68
What does punishment do?
Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur. Punishment discourages the behavior it follows.
69
In Pavlov’s experiment, what is the CS and what is the UCS?
CS: The bell; UCS: The meat. The bell becomes associated with the meat and elicits salivation.
70
What is the most effective time interval between the CS and the UCS?
0.5 seconds. The closer the CS is to the UCS, the more effective the conditioning.
71
What happens if the UCS is presented before the CS?
No conditioning occurs. This is known as backward conditioning and is generally ineffective.
72
A dog salivates to a car horn instead of the original bell. What occurred?
Stimulus generalization. Similar stimuli to the original CS elicit the same response.
73
A dog is trained to salivate only to one specific horn sound. What is this?
Stimulus discrimination. The dog learns to differentiate between similar stimuli.
74
What occurs when differentiation between nearly identical stimuli fails?
Experimental neurosis. The difficulty in distinguishing similar stimuli causes emotional disturbance.
75
What happens when the CS is presented without the UCS repeatedly?
Extinction; the salivation disappears. Without reinforcement, the learned response diminishes.
76
John B. Watson is associated with which experiment?
Little Albert.
## Footnote
(c)
77
Ignoring a 6-year-old’s tongue-sticking behavior during a session is an example of what?
Extinction.
## Footnote
(d)
78
Behavior modification focuses on ________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________.
Skinnerian principles (operant conditioning); Pavlovian principles (classical conditioning).
## Footnote
(d)
79
What is a baseline in behavior modification?
Charting the occurrence of a behavior before any intervention.
## Footnote
(b)
80
Who demonstrated that animals could control autonomic processes?
Neal Miller.
## Footnote
(c)
81
What did the Little Albert experiment demonstrate?
Phobias could be learned behaviors.
## Footnote
(a)
82
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to what?
Cure.
## Footnote
(a)
83
Little Albert’s fear of a Santa Claus mask illustrates what?
Stimulus generalization.
## Footnote
(b)
84
Depth psychology is based on whose theory?
Freud’s topographic hypothesis.
## Footnote
(d)
85
What does a counseling paradigm refer to?
A treatment model.
## Footnote
(c)
86
Asking for specifics when a client describes their situation demonstrates what skill?
Concreteness.
## Footnote
(c)
87
Telling a client to practice relaxing their jaw muscles daily is an example of what?
A directive.
## Footnote
(b)
88
Which of the following is a biofeedback device?
A bathroom scale.
## Footnote
(a)
89
Giving a child M&Ms for completing homework demonstrates what principle?
Positive reinforcement.
## Footnote
(d)
90
Genuineness, or congruence, refers to what?
The counselor’s ability to be authentic and real.
## Footnote
(c)
91
What is empathy in counseling?
The ability to understand the client’s world and communicate this understanding.
## Footnote
(a)
92
When something is added following an operant, it is called ________; when something is taken away, it is called ________.
Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement.
## Footnote
(b)
93
Pairing a light with a bell to elicit salivation demonstrates what?
Higher-order conditioning.
## Footnote
(d)
94
What biofeedback method is used to raise hand temperature to ward off migraines?
A temperature trainer.
## Footnote
(a)
95
Direct muscle feedback for panic attacks involves what?
EMG feedback.
## Footnote
(c)
96
What does the Premack Principle state?
A high-probability behavior can reinforce a low-probability behavior.
## Footnote
(a)
97
What biofeedback method teaches a client to produce alpha waves?
EEG feedback.
## Footnote
(c)
98
If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, this is called what?
Continuous reinforcement.
## Footnote
(c)
99
What are the two classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules?
Ratio (based on responses) and interval (based on time elapsed).
## Footnote
(a)
100
What is the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?
Variable ratio.
## Footnote
(d)
101
What does SUDS stand for in systematic desensitization?
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale.
## Footnote
(c)
102
A stimulus accompanying a primary reinforcer that takes on reinforcement properties is called what?
Secondary reinforcement.
## Footnote
(c)
103
A candy bar purchased with earned tokens in a token economy is an example of what?
A back-up reinforcer.
## Footnote
(b)
104
Giving an alcoholic Antabuse to induce nausea when consuming alcohol is an example of what technique?
Aversive conditioning.
## Footnote
(d)
105
In systematic desensitization, what would the least anxiety-arousing hierarchy item for a flying phobia be?
Imagining calling the airline for reservations.
## Footnote
(a)
106
Role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in assertiveness training is called what?
Behavioral rehearsal.
## Footnote
(b)
107
What are the steps of systematic desensitization?
Relaxation training, construction of hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
## Footnote
(d)
108
Sensate focus, a form of behavioral sex therapy, was created by whom?
William Masters and Virginia Johnson.
## Footnote
(d)
109
Imagining feeling sick after eating high-calorie food to reduce eating behavior is what technique?
Covert sensitization.
## Footnote
(c)
110
What is the key distinction between flooding and implosive therapy?
Implosive therapy is conducted in the imagination.
## Footnote
(a)
111
Why do behavior therapists often avoid punishment?
Its effects are temporary, and it teaches aggression.
## Footnote
(d)
112
Clients responding with yes/no answers indicates what common counseling issue?
The counselor is using too many closed-ended questions.
## Footnote
(b)
113
The counselor expressing pity for a client’s situation demonstrates what?
Sympathy.
## Footnote
(d)
114
Repeating the client’s words verbatim is called what?
Parroting, which is not recommended.
## Footnote
(b)
115
What does logotherapy mean?
Healing through meaning.
## Footnote
(a)
116
Which of these is not an existentialist philosopher?
Plato and Epictetus.
## Footnote
(a)
117
What is a major criticism of existential therapy?
It is too vague regarding techniques and procedures.
## Footnote
(d)
118
Existential counseling focuses primarily on what?
The client’s perception in the here and now.
## Footnote
(b)
119
What does Martin Buber’s I–Thou relationship represent?
A horizontal relationship that assumes equality.
## Footnote
(c)
120
Frankl is to logotherapy as Yalom and May are to what?
Existential therapy.
## Footnote
(c)
121
What are the three worlds in existential theory?
Umwelt (physical), Mitwelt (relationship), Eigenwelt (identity).
## Footnote
(d)
122
What did Viktor Frankl learn from his experience in Nazi concentration camps?
You can’t control the environment, but you can control your response.
## Footnote
(b)
123
What do existential counselors emphasize?
Free choice, decision, and will.
## Footnote
(a)
124
What is ontology in existential philosophy?
The philosophy of being and existing.
## Footnote
(d)
125
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to what?
Reality therapy.
## Footnote
(b)
126
What theory has reality therapy incorporated?
Choice theory (formerly control theory).
## Footnote
(a)
127
What is not emphasized in reality therapy?
The client’s childhood.
## Footnote
(a)
128
Restating the client’s thoughts and feelings in the counselor’s words is called what?
Paraphrasing.
## Footnote
(c)
129
What is considered the most threatening for clients and counselors?
Silence.
## Footnote
(d)
130
In reality therapy, what is the focus when discussing the past?
Successful behaviors.
## Footnote
(d)
131
What is Glasser’s position on mental illness?
Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
## Footnote
(b)
132
How does the therapist-client relationship function in reality therapy?
Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong.
## Footnote
(c)
133
Which of Glasser’s books popularized his theory in educational circles?
Schools Without Failure.
## Footnote
(d)
134
What is the final step in Glasser’s eight steps of reality therapy?
The client and counselor be persistent and never give up.
## Footnote
(a)
135
What is an example of a positive addiction according to Glasser?
Jogging.
## Footnote
(a)
136
Reviewing what has happened in past counseling sessions is an example of what?
Summarization.
## Footnote
(c)
137
According to Glasser, what kind of identity does a responsible person have?
A success identity.
## Footnote
(b)
138
William Glasser is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis is to what?
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).
## Footnote
(a)
139
In REBT, what is another term for cognitions?
Self-talk or internal verbalizations.
## Footnote
(d)
140
Which philosopher is most closely related to REBT?
Epictetus.
## Footnote
(b)
141
What does A, B, and C stand for in REBT’s ABC theory of personality?
Activating event, belief system, emotional consequence.
## Footnote
(b)
142
In the ABC theory, what is D, and what does it lead to at E?
Disputing the irrational belief at B; a new emotional consequence.
## Footnote
(c)
143
What does assigning a client to read A Guide to Rational Living represent?
Bibliotherapy.
## Footnote
(a)
144
What term does Ellis use for shoulds and oughts?
Musturbations.
## Footnote
(a)
145
A client catastrophizing about losing their job is engaging in what?
Awfulizing or terriblizing.
## Footnote
(d)
146
Bibliotherapy is considered a form of what?
Homework.
## Footnote
(b)
147
According to Ellis, what is at the core of emotional disturbance?
Irrational thinking at point B.
## Footnote
(c)
148
What does therapeutic cognitive restructuring involve?
Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.
## Footnote
(a)
149
Why would Ellis not be impressed with a behaviorist’s animal study?
Only humans think in declarations that cause or ward off emotional discord.
## Footnote
(d)
150
Internal verbalizations in REBT are equivalent to what in Glasser’s choice theory?
Pictures in your mind.
## Footnote
(b)
151
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. is to what?
Rational-Behavior Therapy (RBT).
## Footnote
(a)
152
How does Beck’s cognitive therapy differ from Ellis’s REBT?
Dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad but not necessarily irrational.
## Footnote
(a)
153
Who is associated with stress inoculation training?
Donald Meichenbaum.
## Footnote
(b)
154
TA therapists often incorporate what therapy into treatment?
Gestalt therapy.
## Footnote
(c)
155
What are the two functions of the Parent ego state in TA?
Nurturing Parent and Critical Parent.
## Footnote
(a)
156
What does the Adult ego state in TA focus on?
Processing facts and not focusing on feelings.
## Footnote
(d)
157
What are the manifestations of the Child ego state in TA?
Natural Child, Adapted Child, Little Professor.
## Footnote
(d)
158
What defines healthy communication in TA?
Vectors of communication run parallel (complementary transactions).
## Footnote
(a)
159
What life position is associated with blaming others for misery?
I’m OK—You’re Not OK.
## Footnote
(b)
160
What does Karpman’s drama triangle consist of?
Persecutor, rescuer, and victim roles.
## Footnote
(d)
161
What technique would a TA counselor and a strict behaviorist most likely agree on?
Contracting.
## Footnote
(c)
162
In a first-degree TA game, how serious is the harm compared to a third-degree game?
The harm is minimal in a first-degree game but more serious in a third-degree game.
## Footnote
(b)
163
What are unpleasant feelings after playing a game in TA called?
Rackets.
## Footnote
(a)
164
What is a life script according to Eric Berne?
A life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life.
## Footnote
(c)
165
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to what?
Gestalt therapy.
## Footnote
(b)
166
Who are associated with empathy and counselor effectiveness scales?
Carkhuff and Gazda.
## Footnote
(d)
167
What does the acronym NLP stand for?
Neurolinguistic programming.
## Footnote
(a)
168
How does a gestalt therapist deal with a client’s projection?
Playing the projection technique.
## Footnote
(a)
169
What would a gestalt therapist likely do if a client reports a tingling sensation in their hands?
Urge the client to stay with the feeling.
## Footnote
(d)
170
What is the gestalt exaggeration experiment most similar to?
Paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson.
## Footnote
(b)
171
What would a gestalt therapist encourage a client to change about 'It is difficult to get a job in New York City'?
Change the verbalization to an 'I' statement.
## Footnote
(b)
172
Gestalt therapy incorporates which technique?
Psychodrama.
## Footnote
(a)
173
What is retroflection in gestalt therapy?
Doing to yourself what you wish to do to someone else.
## Footnote
(c)
174
What does 'gestalt' mean?
A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole.
## Footnote
(b)
175
How many layers of neurosis did Perls suggest must be peeled away to achieve emotional stability?
Five layers of neurosis.
## Footnote
(d)
176
In gestalt therapy, what are unexpressed emotions called?
Unfinished business.
## Footnote
(a)
177
What does gestalt therapy emphasize?
Awareness in the here and now and dream work.
## Footnote
(d)
178
What concepts are used in the gestalt dialogue experiment?
Top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique.
## Footnote
(c)
179
What is a common criticism of gestalt therapy?
It often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns.
## Footnote
(c)
180
When was the peak period of competition between various schools of therapy?
The late 1960s.
## Footnote
(b)
181
How does the client-therapist relationship in gestalt therapy progress compared to a Rogerian approach?
Slower, due to gestalt therapy’s confrontational style.
## Footnote
(b)
182
What are the three names Carl Rogers’s counseling approach has been called over time?
Nondirective, client-centered, person-centered.
## Footnote
(a)
183
How is Rogers’s approach characterized?
Existential or humanistic.
## Footnote
(a)
184
Which statement best describes the person-centered approach?
Reflection is used frequently, and advice is rarely given.
## Footnote
(a)
185
What conditions must a person-centered counselor demonstrate for effective therapy?
Empathy, congruence, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.
## Footnote
(d)
186
Rogers viewed man as what?
Positive when developed in a warm, accepting, trusting environment.
## Footnote
(d)
187
How would a person-centered therapist treat clients with different DSM diagnoses?
Using the same principles.
## Footnote
(b)
188
What does congruence mean in person-centered therapy?
External behavior matches an internal response or state.
## Footnote
(a)
189
How many conditions did Rogers believe were necessary for client change?
Three conditions.
## Footnote
(b)
190
Person-centered counseling would be least effective with whom?
A client who is not very verbal.
## Footnote
(d)
191
What are common criticisms of the Rogerian approach?
Some directiveness and confrontation are necessary after the initial phase.
## Footnote
(d)
192
Do consultants generally adhere to one specific counseling theory?
No, they generally do not adhere to one single theory.
## Footnote
(d)
193
Consultation generally occurs in what setting?
Work/organizational settings.
## Footnote
(b)
194
What is verbal attending behavior also called?
Verbal tracking.
## Footnote
(a)
195
What is the counselor’s social power related to?
Expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness (EAT).
## Footnote
(b)
196
What are common challenges to a counselor’s self-image?
Competence, power, and intimacy.
## Footnote
(d)
197
What does it mean for a counselor to be genuine?
The counselor does not role-play or change values to be accepted.
## Footnote
(d)
198
What are Allen Ivey’s three types of empathy?
Basic, subtractive, and additive.
## Footnote
(c)
199
Who created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy?
Truax and Carkhuff.
## Footnote
(a)
200
What does the human relations core for effective counseling include?
Empathy, positive regard (or respect), and genuineness.
## Footnote
(c)
201
How does crisis intervention differ from traditional counseling?
Crisis intervention aims to return a person to their original level of functioning before a crisis, while traditional counseling addresses broader, long-term issues beyond the crisis.
202
What is the goal of crisis counseling?
Crisis counseling helps individuals stabilize, cope, and return to pre-crisis functioning rather than exploring deeper psychological issues.
203
What are Freud’s three levels of consciousness?
Freud’s topographic model divides the mind into three levels:
1. Conscious – Thoughts and perceptions we are aware of.
2. Preconscious – Memories and knowledge that can be brought into awareness.
3. Unconscious – Hidden desires, fears, and instincts that influence behavior.
204
How does crisis intervention differ from traditional counseling?
Crisis intervention aims to return a person to their original level of functioning before a crisis, while traditional counseling addresses broader, long-term issues beyond the crisis.
205
Parent ego state in TA
This concept is linked to Freud’s superego.
If a child has nurturing caretakers,
he or she is said to develop “nurturing parent” qualities such as
being nonjudgmental and sympathetic to others.
The Parent ego
state, however, may be filled with prejudicial and critical
messages. Persons who fall into this category will tend to be
intimidating, bossy, or know-it-alls.
An individual whose
caretaker left or died at an early age might be plagued with what
TA refers to as the “incomplete parent.” This person could
expect others to parent him or her throughout life, or might use
the lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior.
206
Some scholars refer to the ego as the….
“executive administrator” since it governs or acts as a police officer to control the impulses
from the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience).
The ego is a mediator.
The ego is also called the reality principle and
houses the individual’s identity.
207
What does Eros represent in Greek mythology and Freudian theory?
• In Greek mythology, Eros is the god of love and life.
• In Freudian theory, Eros represents self-preservation and the life instinct, including survival, reproduction, and pleasure.
208
What does Thanatos represent in Greek and Freudian thought?
• In Greek, Thanatos means death.
• In Freudian theory, Thanatos refers to the death instinct, which includes aggression, risk-taking, and self-destructive behaviors.
209
What are thanatologists?
Thanatologists are specialists who study death, dying, and grief.
210
Which theorists could be associated with the analytic movement?
Freud.
Jung.
Adler.
211
What is systematic desensitization?
Systematic desensitization is a behavior therapy technique based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning that gradually reduces fear or anxiety through exposure and relaxation techniques.
212
What are some other therapy techniques based on classical conditioning?
Other therapies derived from classical conditioning include:
• Assertiveness training – Helps individuals learn to express themselves confidently.
• Flooding (flooding with response prevention) – Exposing a person to their fear all at once to reduce anxiety.
• Implosive therapy – Similar to flooding but uses imagined exposure to feared stimuli.
• Sensate focus – A desensitization technique used to treat sexual dysfunction by gradually increasing physical intimacy without pressure.
213
What is abreaction?
Abreaction is the release of intense, repressed emotions, often occurring in psychoanalysis or hypnosis. It is considered a stronger emotional outburst than catharsis.
214
How does abreaction differ from catharsis?
• Catharsis – A mild emotional release.
• Abreaction – A powerful and sometimes violent emotional outburst tied to repressed trauma.
215
Who originally used the term abreaction?
Freud and Breuer first used the term to describe the release of repressed emotions during hypnosis.
216
How does Freud’s structural theory differ from his topographical theory?
Structural theory describes id, ego, and superego, which are parts of personality. Topographical theory explains unconscious, preconscious, and conscious, which are levels of the mind.
217
Why don’t Child, Adult, and Parent correspond to Freud’s topographical theory?
Child, Adult, and Parent are part of Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis (TA), not Freud’s structural or topographical theories.
218
What is the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS)?
SUDS is a self-reported scale used to measure anxiety levels, typically ranging from 0 to 100, with 100 representing the most distressing situation. SUDS is a behavior therapy technique that helps create a treatment hierarchy by ranking anxiety-provoking situations, allowing for gradual exposure in Wolpe’s systematic desensitization.
219
What is the “sour grapes” form of rationalization?
Sour grapes occurs when a person underrates a reward they couldn’t obtain, convincing themselves that it wasn’t desirable anyway.
## Footnote
Example: “I didn’t want that promotion anyway—it would have been too much stress.”
220
What is the “sweet lemon” form of rationalization?
Sweet lemon happens when a person overrates a reward they already have, convincing themselves it’s better than it actually is.
## Footnote
Example: “My job doesn’t pay well, but at least I don’t have to deal with annoying coworkers like in a higher-paying job.”
221
What does the term “individual” emphasize in Adler's theory?
The term individual highlights the unique qualities and characteristics that each person possesses.
222
What is individual psychology?
Individual psychology, developed by Alfred Adler, focuses on how people strive for personal growth and compensate for perceived weaknesses.
223
What is organ inferiority in individual psychology?
Organ inferiority refers to physical or psychological weaknesses that individuals attempt to compensate for in their development.
224
transference neurosis”
When the client is attached to the counselor as if he or she is a substitute parent. (This term is used by Freud)
225
Who are Nero-freudians and what did they stress?
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Erik Erikson
Harry Stack Sullivan,
Erich Fromm
They stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations.
226
What is paradoxical intervention in therapy?
Paradoxical intervention instructs clients to intensify or purposely engage in their maladaptive behavior, often defying logic but reducing resistance to change.
227
How did Alfred Adler use paradox in therapy?
Adler instructed clients to exaggerate their feared behaviors to reduce anxiety and gain control over them.
## Footnote
Example: A client afraid of shaking during a speech would be told to shake as much as possible on purpose.
228
Which therapists are known for using paradoxical techniques?
• Alfred Adler – Early pioneer of paradoxical interventions.
• Viktor Frankl – Used paradoxical intention in logotherapy (existential therapy).
• Jay Haley & Milton H. Erickson – Popularized paradoxical methods in family therapy.
229
Why are paradoxical techniques effective in family therapy?
Paradoxical interventions help reduce a family’s resistance to change by instructing them to engage in or exaggerate their problematic behaviors.
230
How do paradoxical interventions differ from cognitive therapy techniques?
• Paradoxical interventions instruct clients to intensify their symptoms (e.g., shake more).
• Cognitive therapies (e.g., rational-emotive behavior therapy) focus on changing thoughts through rational self-talk and logical thinking.
231
What is the shadow in Jungian psychology?
The shadow is the unconscious, hidden part of the personality that contains traits, desires, and impulses a person refuses to acknowledge.
232
Is the shadow always negative?
No, the shadow is not necessarily negative. It represents the opposite of a person’s conscious self, which can include both undesirable and valuable traits.
## Footnote
Example: A shy person might dream of being outgoing because their shadow holds that unexpressed trait.
233
How does the shadow manifest in everyday life?
The shadow appears through:
• Dreams – Expressing opposite personality traits.
• Projection – Attributing one’s hidden traits to others.
234
How does therapy help with shadow integration?
Therapy helps make shadow behaviors conscious, reducing projection and increasing individuation (a person’s process of becoming whole).
235
the persona (Jung)
the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
236
shadow—
The mask behind the persona, which contains id- like material, denied, yet desired.
237
Behaviorist take on symptom substitution
Behaviorists do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution.
238
Who is most closely associated with eclecticism in therapy?
Frederick C. Thorne emphasized that true eclecticism must be scientific, not just a mix of techniques.
239
How did Thorne view psychotherapy?
He preferred “psychological case handling” over psychotherapy, believing its efficacy was not scientifically proven.
240
What do Adlerians believe about lifestyle?
Adlerians see lifestyle as a self-fulfilling prophecy shaped by psychological beliefs about oneself.
241
How does Adlerian theory view birth order?
• Firstborn – May feel dethroned by younger siblings, often people-pleasers.
• Second child – Competes with the firstborn, may surpass them.
• Middle child – Feels treated unfairly, can be manipulative.
• Youngest – Often pampered but may excel by imitating older siblings.
242
Who criticized Adler’s birth order theory?
Wayne Dyer criticized birth order theory, though his book Your Erroneous Zones became a bestseller in the 1970s.
243
How is Adlerian theory connected to family therapy?
Adlerian theory influenced family therapy by emphasizing belonging, striving for perfection, and social dynamics.
244
What techniques do Adlerian counselors use?
They use didactic methods, homework assignments, and the “As If” technique, where clients act as if their problem didn’t exist.
245
What is the purpose of the “As If” technique?
It helps clients visualize and practice ideal functioning, reinforcing positive behavior changes.
