Families Diagnosis And Advnced Concepts Flashcards
Who is the identified patient in family therapy according to most family counselors?
The entire family.
(c)
A husband tells you privately about filing for divorce and asks you not to tell his wife. Ethically, you should:
Only tell his wife if he gives you permission.
(a)
Is it ethical for a supervisor to have a sexual relationship with a supervisee?
No, it is unethical.
(b)
What is the fastest-growing clientele for professional counselors?
Persons experiencing marriage and family problems.
(c)
What causality concept do family counselors generally believe in?
Circular/reciprocal causality.
(a)
Cybernetics is most closely associated with which mathematician?
Norbert Wiener.
(b)
A family that maintains a balanced state is said to be in what state?
Homeostasis.
(d)
What terms describe a family’s ability to balance stability and change?
Morphostasis and morphogenesis.
(d)
Seeing a family for free because they cannot afford counseling is an example of:
Aspirational ethics.
(a)
Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to which therapist?
Virginia Satir.
(a)
What does the ‘placating’ communication style in families mean according to Virginia Satir?
Trying to please everybody out of fear of rejection.
(d)
What behaviors are typical of the ‘blamer’ in Satir’s communication patterns?
Sacrificing others to feel good, saying ‘if it weren’t for you…’ and avoiding personal issues.
(d)
The overly reasonable family member often engages in what defense mechanism?
Intellectualization.
(c)
What is typical of the ‘irrelevant’ communication style in families?
Distracting the family from the problem by talking about irrelevant topics.
(a)
Who is considered the ‘dean of experiential family therapy’?
Carl Whitaker.
(c)
How did Carl Whitaker describe his therapeutic approach with families?
Joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member.
(b)
What did Carl Whitaker believe about co-therapists?
A co-therapist is helpful and provides meaningful feedback.
(a)
Psychotherapy of the absurd is associated with which therapist?
Carl Whitaker.
(b)
A behaviorist uses Premack’s principle. What does it mean?
A low-probability behavior must be completed before engaging in a high-probability behavior.
(a)
What is the term for a behavioral contract where one family member does something if another does something comparable?
Quid pro quo.
(d)
A male supervisor tells a female supervisee that he will continue to supervise her only if she has sex with him. This is an example of:
Quid pro quo, used negatively in the context of sexual harassment.
(a)
What does the baseline in behavior therapy refer to?
The period before behavior modification begins.
(d)
A family therapist isolates a child after hitting their sibling. What behaviorist technique is this?
Time-out, a form of extinction.
(d)
According to reciprocity in behavioral family therapy, what might happen when one partner in a marriage feels unappreciated?
They may consider leaving the marriage.
(a)
A behaviorist treating a couple with anxiety-related sexual problems would most likely use:
Systematic desensitization procedures.
(c)
A behaviorist addressing obsessive sexual thoughts might use which technique?
Thought stopping.
(c)
Analyzing past data comparing two family therapy models would be classified as:
Causal comparative or ex post facto research.
(b)
Which technique would not be used by a behavioristic family therapist?
Family sculpting.
(a)
What percentage of marriages today are remarriages?
Remarriage is common, and about 40% of new marriages are remarriages.
(c)
How quickly do divorced persons tend to remarry?
About 30% remarry within 12 months, and most remarry within 3–4 years.
(a)
Who is considered the founder of psychodynamic family therapy?
Nathan Ackerman.
(d)
In psychoanalytic family therapy, what does the term “object” refer to?
A significant other with whom a child wishes to bond.
(b)
What does the psychoanalytic term “introjects” mean?
Internalizing the positive and negative characteristics of objects within oneself.
(a)
What is “splitting” in psychoanalytic family therapy?
Seeing an object or person as either all good or all bad.
(d)
A counselor projects unresolved childhood issues onto a client. What is this called?
Countertransference.
(c)
What is “second-order change” in family systems therapy?
A deeper, structural change in the family system that alters undesirable patterns.
(a)
A woman alternates between seeing her husband as all good or all bad. This is an example of:
Splitting.
(b)
Which psychoanalytic family therapists are associated with object relations?
James Framo and Robin Skynner.
(d)
Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with which school of family counseling?
Strategic therapy.
(a)
What was Jay Haley’s academic background when he began investigating psychotherapy?
He had a degree in the arts and communication, not in the helping professions.
(d)
A strategic family therapist gives a directive to a family with a suicidal teen by saying, ‘If she threatens suicide, everyone must stay home all day.’ What is this an example of?
A directive.
(c)
A therapist tells a smoker, ‘You’ll never smoke again,’ then instructs her to smoke as much as she can for three days. This is an example of:
A double-bind.
(a)
The smoking directive described earlier is best categorized as:
A paradoxical intervention.
(a)
A therapist tells a couple to quarrel at least twice each evening. This is an example of:
Prescribing the symptom.
(c)
A therapist reframes a client’s complaint about his girlfriend yelling, saying, ‘She yells because she loves you.’ What technique is this?
Reframing or relabeling.
(a)
In strategic family therapy, the person with power in the family is:
The one who makes and enforces rules.
(a)
How does strategic therapy view symptoms?
It is pragmatic and symptom-focused, aiming to resolve issues directly.
(b)
A child breaks a glass to rouse her depressed mother. Madanes would describe this as:
Incongruous hierarchy.
(c)
In Madanes’ pretend technique, a child pretends to have a panic attack while parents pretend to help. What is this?
Pretending.
(d)
A therapist tells a family, ‘Change might be too hard.’ This is an example of:
Restraining.
(a)
A therapist says, ‘Your depression is hopeless and may never improve.’ This is an example of:
Positioning.
(b)
A counselor imposes their cultural values on diverse families and treats all families the same. What describes this?
Cultural encapsulation.
(d)
Which statements about African American families are true?
Fewer are marrying, and they are less concerned about gender roles.
(d)
Which therapy approaches are best suited for African American families?
Bowen’s, Minuchin’s, or Haley’s models (problem-focused, brief, or multigenerational approaches).
(a)
The best approach for counseling Asian American families is:
Solution-focused/problem-focused modalities.
(c)
Which statement about Latino/a families is true?
They have higher unemployment rates, often live in poverty, and prefer short-term therapy.
(a)
In the Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell family model, adaptability refers to:
How rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is.
(d)
Which is true about Native American families?
They are diverse, value extended family/tribe, and face challenges like identity confusion.
(d)
Is the statement ‘Native Americans struggle with alcoholism and suicide’ true?
Yes, both are significant concerns within the population.
(c)
In Bowen’s intergenerational family therapy, what does triangulation refer to?
When a dyad under stress recruits a third person, often worsening the situation.
(c)
What is differentiation in Bowen’s intergenerational family therapy?
The extent to which one can separate intellect from emotional self.
(a)
Bowen’s three-generational pictorial diagram is known as:
A genogram.
(c)
What does Bowen mean by the nuclear family emotional system?
The emotional system of the current family is influenced by previous generations.
(a)
Salvador Minuchin is associated with which type of family therapy?
Structural family therapy.
(b)
What is joining in structural family therapy?
The therapist bonds with the family by mimicking their communication patterns.
(a)
A structural family therapist asks the family to act out a recurring argument. What is this called?
Enactment.
(c)
What are boundaries in structural family therapy?
Physical and psychological separations between individuals and subsystems in the family.
(d)
What are clear boundaries in structural family therapy?
Firm yet flexible boundaries that support individuation and healthy relationships.
(d)
In structural family therapy, what does it mean if a couple has rigid boundaries?
Individuals or subsystems are disengaged.
(a)
A mother accompanies her adult daughter on a date. This is an example of:
Diffuse boundaries.
(c)
Minuchin mimicking a family’s communication style is called:
Mimesis.
(d)
Who is another notable intergenerational family therapist besides Bowen?
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy.
(b)
What does it mean if a family member is emotionally distant?
They are disengaged.
(a)
In Haley’s theory, what is the perverse triangle?
When two family members at different levels of the hierarchy form a coalition against another member.
(c)
Who was a pioneer in family therapy and opened child guidance clinics in Vienna?
Alfred Adler.
(c)
Which family therapist is described as atheoretical?
Carl Whitaker.
(b)
What does solution-oriented therapy focus on?
The future.
(c)
Narrative therapy is associated with which theorists?
Michael White, Cheryl White, and David Epston.
(d)
Tom Anderson’s reflecting team approach involves:
A one-way mirror and team discussion of the family’s case.
(a)
Why does feminist therapy criticize traditional therapies?
They are androcentric, gendercentric, and emphasize heterosexism.
(d)
In Steve de Shazer’s Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT), what does the term “skeleton keys” mean?
A standard or stock intervention that works for numerous problems.
(a)
What is one criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT in multicultural counseling?
Cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages.
(d)
What is the predicted trend for counseling theories in the 21st century?
Theories will become more integrative, as 30–50% of therapists identify as eclectic.
(a)
Does Brief Solution-Focused Therapy require a treatment team behind a one-way mirror?
Sometimes, but it is not required.
(c)
A researcher gives clients a depression inventory before and after treatment and uses a t-test to compare scores. What type of design is this?
A related measures within-subject design.
(c)
In research, what do the letters “X” and “O” represent in pre-experimental design?
X = treatment; O = observation, measurement, or score.
(a)
In a one-group posttest design, how is the sequence depicted?
XO.
(b)
What is a time-series design?
A quasi-experimental design with multiple observations of the dependent variable before and after treatment.
(b)
In the Solomon four-group design, what distinguishes the groups?
One control group and one experimental group receive a pretest, while the other control and experimental groups do not.
(c)
What is John Gottman known for in marital research?
Predicting which marriages are likely to end in divorce.
(b)
What is the newest career theory trend?
Constructivist and cognitive approaches.
(a)
In Dawis and Lofquist’s Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA), what does PEC stand for?
Person-Environment Correspondence.
(c)
What is the predicted trend for multigenerational families living together?
The number will increase.
(b)
If a researcher lowers the significance level from .05 to .01, what happens to the risk of a Type II error?
The risk of a Type II error increases.
(c)
How is the coefficient of determination calculated from a correlation coefficient of .70?
Square the correlation coefficient (.70² = 49%).
(d)
If the coefficient of determination is 36%, what is the coefficient of nondetermination?
Subtract 36 from 100 (64%).
(d)
What model of career development did John Krumboltz propose?
Social learning behavioristic model.
(a)
In Krumboltz’s theory, what are self-observation generalizations?
How clients view themselves and their ability to perform in a specific occupation.
(d)
What does SCCT stand for in career counseling?
Social Cognitive Career Theory.
(a)
What are job shadowing and volunteering considered, compared to reading career books?
Interactive activities versus noninteractive activities.
(b)
What type of theory did Urie Bronfenbrenner develop?
Ecological systems theory.
(c)
Before ________, child psychologists studied the child, sociologists studied the family, anthropologists studied society, and so on.
Urie Bronfenbrenner (c)
A student’s IQ is at the 50th percentile. What is their approximate IQ score?
100 (c)
A student’s IQ falls near the 84th percentile. What is their approximate IQ?
115 (c)
An exam has a mean of 50 and SD of 20. A score of 90 places a student at which percentile?
98th percentile and 9th stanine (c)
Mrs. Kim’s daughter scored a t-score of 80 on an IQ test. What does this mean?
She scored exceptionally high, likely with an IQ near 150.
(b)
Tanja scores 35 on a test with a mean of 65 and SD of 15. What is her z-score?
-2 (d)
For treating a morbid fear of heights with the most high-tech method, what should Kia use?
Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT) (a)
What criteria must be met to diagnose intellectual disability (ID) in DSM-5?
IQ ≤ 70, onset before age 18, and impaired adaptive functioning.
(a)
Which measure of central tendency reacts to every score in the distribution?
The mean (c)
Which theorist argued that EQ (Emotional Intelligence) is more important than IQ?
Daniel Goleman (d)
Paying employees once a week corresponds to which reinforcement schedule?
Fixed Interval (FI) (a)
Slot machines operate on which reinforcement schedule?
Variable Ratio (VR) (a)
Classical conditioning-based behavior therapies are commonly used to treat what?
Phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) (c)
What does meta-analysis involve?
Using statistics from numerous studies to investigate a hypothesis.
(d)
What explains a client accepting a personality test interpretation intended for someone else?
The Barnum Effect (b)
Why are counselors concerned about shortened recess for elementary school children?
Research shows recess reduces fidgetiness, especially in hyperactive children.
(c)
What does neuroscience suggest about empathy and exercise for depressed individuals?
They can be beneficial.
(d)
What does neuroscience show about cognitive therapy and serotonin?
Cognitive therapy raises serotonin, similar to antidepressant medications.
(b)
What does neurogenesis imply for older adults who learn new skills, like chess?
Learning generates new neurons even in older adults.
(a)
Which nutrient is most closely related to serotonin production in the brain?
Tryptophan, an amino acid.
(c)
Suicide accounts for what percentage of ACA liability insurance claims?
10–15% of claims are related to suicide.
(a)
Statistically, men typically use ________, and women use ________, to commit suicide.
Firearms; poison.
(c)
Which hemisphere of the brain is dominant in most people?
The left hemisphere is dominant in over 95% of people.
(a)
A somatic symptom disorder diagnosis means that:
No physiological basis or medical condition can explain the reaction.
(c)
Millie has panic attacks when driving across bridges. What type of panic attacks does she have?
Situationally bound or cued panic attacks.
(c)
Sybil’s diagnosis of multiple personality disorder (MPD) is now called what?
Dissociative identity disorder (DID).
(a)
Bulimia is classified as what type of disorder?
An eating disorder that occurs primarily in women.
(b)
What is the most common type of eating disorder?
Binge-eating disorder (BED).
(d)
Which statements about gender differences in society are accurate?
All of the above: women make less money, most exploitation complaints are from women, and women are less comfortable in competitive situations.
(d)
What does intersexuality describe?
Individuals with atypical sexual/reproductive development, including male and female characteristics.
(a)
Gay men and women have what range of gender-role behaviors?
The same range as male and female heterosexuals.
(b)
A parametric statistic requires what conditions?
Random sampling and a normal distribution.
(a)
Ethical guidelines for answering machines include what restriction?
Unauthorized staff should not listen to or retrieve messages.
(c)
Which type of client record is required by law?
Progress notes (clinical notes).
(b)
Can a counselor alter documented information in a client’s file after it is recorded?
No, altering a record after it is part of the file is not allowed.
(b)
What should a counselor do if a client needs counseling after exhausting managed care sessions?
Refer the client for continued counseling with another practitioner.
(a)
What does a constructivist career counselor emphasize?
Personal stories and constructing meaning in career decisions.
(b)
What should you tell a client unhappy with their sexual orientation who wants to change?
Explain that homosexuality is not a mental disorder that needs to be changed.
(d)
What does the literature say about conversion or reparative therapy?
It does not indicate that sexual orientation can be changed and shows that such therapies can harm clients.
(a)
What should a counselor do if a client requests conversion therapy?
Explain potential harm and risks, emphasizing that it is an unproven form of treatment and decline to refer.
(c)
When is a transfer plan required?
For situations involving disability, death, or relocation of the counselor.
(d)
Should a counselor contact a client’s primary care physician (PCP) regarding headaches?
No, but securing the client’s permission is ideal.
(b)
What is required for filing claims as a private practice counselor?
An NPI (National Provider Identifier) number.
(d)
Is it ethical for a counselor to have a sexual relationship with a client’s family member?
No, it is unethical.
(a)
How should a supervisor handle a supervisee needing counseling?
Assist the supervisee in finding an appropriate counselor.
(c)
Can a counselor refrain from making a diagnosis?
Yes, if it is in the client’s best interest, ideally decided in collaboration with the client.
(d)
How should a counselor handle agency pressure to diagnose every client?
Educate the agency or managed care firm about ACA ethical guidelines.
(d)
What should the custodian of records do when taking over for a counselor?
Contact each client upon receiving the records.
(a)
Who is the ideal custodian of counseling records?
A mental health professional, preferably on staff or at another facility.
(c)
What type of parenting style does not allow discussion or explanations?
Authoritarian parenting.
(b)
Which technique is not used by an ABA practitioner?
Discussing dreams as if they are occurring in the present (Gestalt therapy).
(c)
Which counselor would focus on inducing REM/EM for PTSD treatment?
A counselor using EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing).
(b)
What does IS PATH WARM help assess?
The risk of suicide.
(d)
Who developed child-centered play therapy (CCPT)?
Virginia Mae Axline.
(a)
What is a key benefit of children’s career counseling groups?
They provide belonging, sharing, and peer interaction.
(d)
Are career counseling groups for adolescents effective?
Yes, they are cost-effective and promote peer identification.
(b)
What is mutuality/universality in career counseling groups?
It helps members see that others have similar career issues.
(d)
Are counselor-led career groups more effective than noncounselor interventions?
Yes, career counseling with a counselor is more effective.
(a)
What type of group works best for career counseling?
Structured career counseling groups.
(b)
Are special career counseling groups (e.g., displaced homemakers) effective?
Yes, such groups can be very helpful.
(c)
Is group career counseling used internationally?
Yes, it is an international phenomenon and is cost-effective.
(a)
What is the main purpose of a career counseling group?
To provide information to participants.
(d)
What does John Krumboltz say about career decisions?
They are crucial to one’s happiness.
(c)
What are the advantages of group career counseling?
It helps with motivation, allows mutual support, and provides opportunities for role-playing.
(d)
What does Richard Nelson Bolles emphasize in job searches?
Networking is key.
(a)
What is Nathan Azrin’s job club based on?
Behaviorism with an emphasis on positive reinforcement.
(c)
What is the best intervention in a structured career group?
Using activities such as a game.
(c)
Which tool examines clients’ life roles in career counseling?
Donald Super’s life career rainbow.
(d)
What does the fetal origins hypothesis suggest?
In utero malnutrition can contribute to adult diseases and emotional disorders.
(c)
What does the concept of plasticity in human development mean?
Traits can be altered at any point in the life span.
(a)
Why might two people respond differently to the same antidepressant dosage?
Differential sensitivity due to genetic differences.
(a)
What is the first step in conducting a program evaluation?
Gaining support from staff, administration, and clients.
(a)
Who typically poses questions for program evaluations?
Staff and stakeholders, rather than researchers.
(c)
What question does a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answer?
Was the money spent wisely, or is a new program needed?
(c)
Is fee-splitting ethical for assigning referrals in a counseling practice?
No, it is unethical as it may create conflicts of interest.
(d)
What do the OARS core skills in motivational interviewing stand for?
Open questions, Affirmations, Reflections, Summaries.
(c)
What is the order of the four processes in motivational interviewing?
Engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning.
(a)
What does Irvin Yalom say about therapists addressing death with clients?
Therapists often avoid the topic due to their own fear of mortality.
(b)
What did the 2015 American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer rule require?
Cancer centers must screen for psychosocial stress.
(a)
Are special career counseling groups (e.g., displaced homemakers) effective?
Yes, such groups can be very helpful.
(c)
Is group career counseling used internationally?
Yes, it is an international phenomenon and is cost-effective.
(a)
What is the main purpose of a career counseling group?
To provide information to participants.
(d)
What does John Krumboltz say about career decisions?
They are crucial to one’s happiness.
(c)
What are the advantages of group career counseling?
It helps with motivation, allows mutual support, and provides opportunities for role-playing.
(d)
What does Richard Nelson Bolles emphasize in job searches?
Networking is key.
(a)
What is Nathan Azrin’s job club based on?
Behaviorism with an emphasis on positive reinforcement.
(c)
What is the best intervention in a structured career group?
Using activities such as a game.
(c)
Which tool examines clients’ life roles in career counseling?
Donald Super’s life career rainbow.
(d)
What does the fetal origins hypothesis suggest?
In utero malnutrition can contribute to adult diseases and emotional disorders.
(c)
What does the concept of plasticity in human development mean?
Traits can be altered at any point in the life span.
(a)
Why might two people respond differently to the same antidepressant dosage?
Differential sensitivity due to genetic differences.
(a)
What is the first step in conducting a program evaluation?
Gaining support from staff, administration, and clients.
(a)
Who typically poses questions for program evaluations?
Staff and stakeholders, rather than researchers.
(c)
What question does a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) answer?
Was the money spent wisely, or is a new program needed?
(c)
Is fee-splitting ethical for assigning referrals in a counseling practice?
No, it is unethical as it may create conflicts of interest.
(d)
What do the OARS core skills in motivational interviewing stand for?
Open questions, Affirmations, Reflections, Summaries.
(c)
What is the order of the four processes in motivational interviewing?
Engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning.
(a)
What does Irvin Yalom say about therapists addressing death with clients?
Therapists often avoid the topic due to their own fear of mortality.
(b)
What did the 2015 American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer rule require?
Cancer centers must screen for psychosocial stress.
(a)
What is the definition of cisgender?
A person who identifies with the gender they were assigned at birth, not a transgender individual.
(d)
What is the effect size (ES) for a correlation of .50?
The correlation is medium.
(a)
Should effect size (ES) be reported if results are statistically significant?
Yes, the ES should still be provided to indicate the magnitude of the effect.
(a)
What was the effect size (ES) for psychotherapy in the meta-analysis by Smith, Glass, and Miller?
Psychotherapy had a strong effect with an ES of .85.
(d)
Where is pathological gambling classified in the DSM-5?
Under Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.
(c)
What is the most common setting for bullying?
In hallways rather than on social media.
(d)
Is the boot camp model considered effective for wilderness therapy?
No, effective wilderness therapy avoids force, confrontation, and point systems.
(a)
Does FERPA apply to private institutions not receiving federal funding?
No, FERPA guidelines do not apply to such institutions.
(c)
What explains superstitious behavior like finger snapping in gambling?
Accidental reinforcement.
(a)
Which is incorrect: Alcoholism occurs more in men or women?
Alcoholism occurs more in women than men is incorrect; it occurs more in men.
(c)
What type of attribution is blaming a victim for their assault?
Dispositional attribution.
(b)
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Blaming others’ negative outcomes on internal factors rather than external ones.
(a)
According to the self-serving bias, how do people explain success and failure?
Success: dispositional factors; Failure: situational factors.
(c)
How might a depressed client explain not getting a job after an interview?
By blaming themselves for poor performance.
(c)
Which therapy mode involves telephone coaching?
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).
(c)
What therapy uses a thought log to address anxious thoughts?
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT).
(c)
What is “third wave CBT”?
It incorporates mindfulness, DBT, and ACT.
(b)
What is the downward arrow technique used for?
To uncover core beliefs or issues causing distress.
(c)
In classical conditioning, what is the bell after the dog is conditioned?
A conditioned stimulus (CS).
(a)
What does a teleological approach focus on?
Future goals influencing current behavior.
(d)
