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Comps > Career > Flashcards

Career Flashcards

1
Q

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized since when?

A

Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

This highlights that lifestyle and career planning have roots deep in the history of counseling, initiated by pioneers like Frank Parsons.

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2
Q

What statement might a counselor aware of the glass ceiling phenomenon likely make?

A

“Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”

The glass ceiling phenomenon refers to the invisible barriers that limit women’s progress in the corporate world.

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3
Q

What does research indicate about career development and students’ desires?

A

A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career.

This indicates a strong desire among younger students for support in mapping out future career paths, reflecting the importance of early career education.

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4
Q

What is true about dual-career families?

A

Dual-career families have higher incomes than traditional families. This reflects the financial benefit of both partners contributing economically, though it may lead to challenges in balancing work and home life responsibilities.

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5
Q

In dual-career families, when does the woman typically have children?

A

The woman is typically secure in her career before she has children.

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6
Q

What do studies indicate about students’ desires for vocational guidance?

A

Students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

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7
Q

What do statistics reveal about the earnings difference between workers with a bachelor’s degree and those with a high school diploma?

A

On average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

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8
Q

What do professional career counselors mean by ‘leisure’?

A

Leisure is the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

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9
Q

Do dual-career families/couples have more or less leisure time compared to families with one wage earner?

A

Dual-career families/couples have less leisure time.

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10
Q

What is a client expressing when she says, ‘I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman’?

A

Gender bias.

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11
Q

What is the essence of the trait-factor approach to career counseling?

A

The approach attempts to match the worker and the work environment, assuming there is one best career for the person.

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12
Q

Who is associated with the trait-and-factor career counseling approach?

A

Parsons and Williamson.

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13
Q

What does the trait-and-factor or actuarial approach assert regarding job selection?

A

Testing is an important part of the counseling process and a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.

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14
Q

Who wrote ‘Choosing a Vocation’ and what is he known as?

A

Frank Parsons wrote ‘Choosing a Vocation’ and is known as the father of vocational guidance.

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15
Q

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?

A

The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.

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16
Q

What does Williamson’s work emphasize in career counseling?

A

Williamson’s work emphasizes using test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

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17
Q

What does the trait-and-factor approach fail to take into account?

A

Individual change throughout the life span.

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18
Q

On what premise is Anne Roe’s theory of career choice based?

A

Based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

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19
Q

What unique classification system did Anne Roe use for occupational categories?

A

Fields and levels.

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20
Q

Which of these is not an example of Anne Roe’s ‘fields’?

A

Unskilled.

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21
Q

Which of these is not an example of Anne Roe’s ‘levels’?

A

Outdoor.

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22
Q

What impact do Roe’s parenting styles have on a child’s career orientation?

A

Will develop a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people.

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23
Q

How does Roe’s theory utilize Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in terms of career choice?

A

Lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs.

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24
Q

What support does Roe’s theory find from projective tests?

A

The Rorschach and the TAT.

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25
Q

What role do genetics play according to Anne Roe’s theory of career choice?

A

Genetics help to determine intelligence and education, influencing one’s career choice.

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26
Q

According to Anne Roe, what helps to satisfy an individual’s needs?

A

The choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.

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27
Q

What does a client’s statement about their job indicate?

A

Job or position.

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28
Q

Which theorist also emphasized the unconscious processes in career choice?

A

Bordin.

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29
Q

What does Edwin Bordin suggest about difficulties related to job choice?

A

Are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

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30
Q

What defense mechanism did A. A. Brill emphasize in his theory of career choice?

A

Sublimation.

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31
Q

What defense mechanism is a professional football player using, according to Brill’s theory, if he unconsciously likes to hurt people?

A

Sublimation.

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32
Q

Who is currently the most popular career choice theorist?

A

John Holland.

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33
Q

How many personality orientations does Holland categorize?

A

Six.

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34
Q

How would career counselors classify Roe, Brill, and Holland?

A

Personality theorists.

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35
Q

What do counselors who support Holland’s approach believe about jobs?

A

An appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

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36
Q

According to Holland, what type is a middle school counselor likely to be?

A

Social.

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37
Q

According to Holland, what type would the vice president of the United States likely be?

A

Enterprising.

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38
Q

According to Holland, which typology fits someone who wishes to work on an assembly line?

A

Realistic.

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39
Q

According to Holland, what type is a research chemist primarily?

A

Investigative.

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40
Q

According to Holland, which client would not be described by the artistic typology?

A

A 33-year-old female drill press operator.

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41
Q

Who introduced the concept of career maturity?

A

John Crites.

Crites explored how individuals develop their ability to make informed and effective career decisions over time.

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42
Q

What is the decision-making theory proposed by David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara?

A

It refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment.

They conceptualized career decision-making as a two-phase process.

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43
Q

Who postulated a social learning approach to career choice?

A

John Krumboltz.

This model is based mainly on the work of Albert Bandura.

44
Q

What model did Krumboltz suggest for career development?

A

A behavioristic model of career development.

It focuses on how behavior is influenced by the environment.

45
Q

What would a behavioristic counselor most likely suggest?

A

A site visit to a work setting.

This aligns with the behavioristic focus on learning through direct experience.

46
Q

What does the Gelatt Decision Model refer to as ‘the fuel of the decision’?

A

Information.

The model asserts that information can be organized into predictive, value, and decision systems.

47
Q

What does the predictive system in the Gelatt Model deal with?

A

Alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

It forecasts future conditions and possibilities related to career decisions.

48
Q

What does Linda Gottfredson’s developmental theory of career focus on?

A

Circumscription and compromise theory.

It describes how individuals limit their career aspirations based on perceived social boundaries.

49
Q

What is the most effective method adults use to find jobs in the U.S.?

A

Securing information via ads in the newspaper.

Traditional newspaper ads remain a significant source for job seekers.

50
Q

What does OOH stand for in career counseling?

A

Occupational Outlook Handbook.

It provides comprehensive data on job descriptions, earnings, and employment outlook.

51
Q

How many job titles did the DOT list at its zenith?

A

Approximately 20,000 job titles.

The Dictionary of Occupational Titles provided detailed descriptions of job functions.

52
Q

How many digits is each job code in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles?

A

Nine.

This code helped categorize and retrieve job-related information effectively.

53
Q

What did the first three digits in a DOT code refer to?

A

An occupational group.

This categorization helped organize the vast array of job titles.

54
Q

What is the best resource for detailed statistics about average wages in a state?

A

The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

This site provides up-to-date economic data, including average wages by state.

55
Q

What should a counselor consult for trends in the job market?

A

The OOH.

The Occupational Outlook Handbook offers insights into future job trends and projections.

56
Q

In terms of gender issues in career counseling, men are overrepresented in which positions?

A

Labor and executive positions.

Women often have pink-collar jobs, reflecting ongoing gender disparities.

57
Q

What is it called when a counselor with a master’s degree works for minimum wage due to a lack of jobs?

A

Underemployment.

This occurs when individuals work in jobs that do not utilize their skills or qualifications.

58
Q

According to the OOH, what is the highest-paying profession?

A

A psychiatrist.

Psychiatrists typically earn significantly more than professionals in other mental health fields.

59
Q

How many jobs does the average person have in a lifetime?

A

10 to 15 jobs.

This reflects the dynamic nature of the modern career path.

60
Q

Who is the theorist behind self-efficacy theory?

A

Albert Bandura.

His theory emphasizes the role of self-belief in achieving specific goals.

61
Q

What are the System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices?

A

Computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG) that provide tools for individuals to explore career options and educational paths through interactive software.

62
Q

What phenomenon describes a client who enjoys her flower-arranging job and does it in her spare time?

A

Spillover. This term describes when interests or activities from one’s work life extend into their personal life, enhancing overall satisfaction.

63
Q

What is the compensatory effect in career counseling?

A

It occurs when individuals seek to excel in one area of their lives to compensate for dissatisfaction in another, such as their career.

64
Q

What organization was formed from the merger of several guidance organizations in 1952?

A

APGA. The American Personnel and Guidance Association, now known as the American Counseling Association.

65
Q

What does lifestyle encompass?

A

All of the above. Lifestyle includes work, leisure, and the overall style of living, integrating various aspects of an individual’s life.

66
Q

What does the Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) assume about a person’s interests?

A

A person who is interested in a given subject will experience satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests.

67
Q

What is the Self-Directed Search (SDS)?

A

All of the above. The SDS is a self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted test that provides scores on Holland’s six personality types.

68
Q

What does ‘sedentary work’ imply regarding physical exertion?

A

The client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. Sedentary work typically involves minimal physical exertion.

69
Q

What does the notion of the hidden job market suggest?

A

Most jobs are not advertised. A significant portion of job opportunities are filled through networking and personal connections.

70
Q

What does the SDS score reveal?

A

The individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types.

71
Q

What is represented by a hexagon in career counseling?

A

John Holland. Holland’s theory uses a hexagon to represent the relationships between different personality types and work environments.

72
Q

Who is the Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) appropriate for?

A

K-12, postsecondary, and even adults. The KCPS provides tailored career guidance across different educational levels.

73
Q

What is true about dual-career families compared to dual-earner families?

A

Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.

74
Q

What movement are occupational aptitude tests related to?

A

The trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

75
Q

What term describes a client who has raised children and is now seeking employment?

A

Displaced homemaker. This term refers to individuals who seek employment after a significant period dedicated to domestic responsibilities.

76
Q

What does gender-wage discrimination imply?

A

Women make less than men for doing the same job.

77
Q

What does occupational sex segregation indicate?

A

Most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.

78
Q

What does a counselor advising a female to avoid police work suggest?

A

Counselor bias based on gender bias.

79
Q

What is a common finding regarding women’s career aspirations compared to men’s?

A

A woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often have lower career aspirations than a man.

80
Q

What circumstances might describe a displaced homemaker?

A

Be widowed and seeking employment; be divorced and seeking employment.

81
Q

What is midlife career change?

A

Midlife career change is not that unusual. Many adults reevaluate their career paths or seek new challenges during midlife, often requiring additional training or education to transition into new fields.

82
Q

Who would best be described as a reentry woman?

A

A 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant. This term typically refers to women transitioning from home-based roles to formal employment.

83
Q

What should a counselor doing multicultural career counseling be aware of?

A

A counselor should be aware of his or her own ethnocentric biases.

84
Q

What happens in the labor market as salary increases?

A

The number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases, and the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up.

85
Q

Who espoused the career anchor theory?

A

Edgar Schein. Schein’s career anchor theory identifies the core values and motivations that shape an individual’s career choices and stability in their profession.

86
Q

What should a career counselor emphasize when helping a client design a resume?

A

The importance of a cover letter.

87
Q

When is the in-basket technique best used?

A

When you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.

88
Q

What is the concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.?

A

Job clubs utilize a structured group setting to help members learn job-seeking skills and network.

89
Q

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

A

Robert Hoppock.

90
Q

What is a difficulty with career testing?

A

The tests all take at least three hours to administer.

91
Q

What should be considered when discussing ‘work-life balance’ in a career counseling session?

A

All aspects of an individual’s life including work, family, and personal well-being.

92
Q

What does the term ‘glass ceiling’ refer to?

A

An invisible barrier that prevents certain groups, especially women and minorities, from advancing to the highest levels in a corporation or profession.

93
Q

What does ‘career resilience’ refer to?

A

An individual’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances in their career.

94
Q

What is a career transition?

A

An individual who uses career counseling services to determine a career change after being laid off is likely experiencing a career transition.

95
Q

What does the term ‘career plateau’ mean?

A

An employee finds themselves in a situation where there is a lack of advancement opportunities and motivation decreases.

96
Q

What does career adaptability refer to?

A

An individual’s readiness and resources for coping with current and anticipated changes in the job market.

97
Q

What factors typically include the concept of ‘job satisfaction’?

A

Factors such as interest in the work, pay, working conditions, coworkers, management, and overall fulfillment from the job.

98
Q

What is ‘career salience’?

A

The significance and importance an individual places on their career as part of their identity and life.

99
Q

What might ‘career exploration’ involve in a high school setting?

A

Activities such as career fairs, job shadowing, internships, or coursework that allows students to investigate various career fields.

100
Q

What does a ‘career path’ refer to?

A

The progression of jobs or positions that an individual may hold in their field over the course of their working life.

101
Q

What is ‘lifelong learning’ in the context of career development?

A

The continuous acquisition of skills and knowledge to improve employability and adapt to changing job requirements.

102
Q

What is the role of a career counselor?

A

Assisting clients in identifying their interests, strengths, and values; exploring career options; and making informed decisions.

103
Q

What are ‘transferable skills’?

A

Skills that can be applied in various job roles across different sectors, such as communication, problem-solving, and teamwork.

104
Q

How is ‘career maturity’ defined?

A

The level of an individual’s readiness to make informed, realistic career decisions and take responsibility for those decisions.

105
Q

What do ‘career counseling theories’ provide?

A

A framework for understanding how individuals choose and develop their careers based on factors like personality and interests.

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