Psych II- Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Cognitive Economy
A
we tend to be stingy with our mental processes because it takes energy, so brains help us filter information by forming shortcuts. Shortcuts are not perfect but are worth it for efficiency
2
Q
Heuristics/Biases
A
shortcuts that ignore irrelevant information
3
Q
Representative heuristic
A
- uses knowledge of groups to categorize new information
- tendency to think in a particular direction
- component of stereotyping
4
Q
Availability Heuristic
A
- pay more attention to info that pops readily to mind
- influenced by how powerful/recent they are
5
Q
Anchoring Bias
A
- value is treated as initial anchor to which other values are compared
- saves you time when comparing new decision to the previous one
- e.g. initial offer has the biggest impact on outcome
6
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
-tendency to seek out info that supports what we already believe and ignore what we do not
7
Q
Bandwagon Effect
A
tendency to gravitate toward popular opinions/ thoughts
8
Q
Base-Rate Neglect
A
often ignore real statistical data in favor of gut reaction
9
Q
Top-Down Processing
A
taking previous knowledge or experiences and imposing them those on a new experience
10
Q
Paradox of Choice
A
when there is too many choices or too much information we often freeze (make choice we are not satisfied with or refuse to make choice)
11
Q
Framing
A
example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented
12
Q
Mental Sets
A
procedures used successfully in the past-similar to habit
13
Q
Functional Fixedness
A
see things one way rather than creatively (cup only as something to put a drink in)
14
Q
Algorithms
A
step-by-step procedures from old situations to new ones
15
Q
Language
A
not all communication is language, sometimes symbols and riles are used to communicate
16
Q
Phonemes
A
smallest unit of sound; some letters can have one or two and some letters combine to create one; multiple combine to create syllabus
17
Q
Morphemes
A
smallest unit of meaning; can be words or indicating sounds (plurality)
18
Q
Syntax
A
how words and phrases are correctly combined or modified
19
Q
What gene is used for language comprehension and speech and is unique to humans?
A
Fox P2
20
Q
Telegraphic Speech
A
jump from part to part but important information is expressed
21
Q
Nature vs Nurture in Language Development
A
both used
22
Q
Is reading an automatic part of language development?
A
No
23
Q
Reading starts as ____ ______ to ___ _____
A
phonetic decomposition
word recognition
24
Q
Cognitive Approach to Intelligence
A
intelligence refers to your ability to learn new skill s and knowledge and to apply that knowledge for decision-making and problem-solving
25
Psychometric Test
mind measurement, measure mental abilities/traits
| -e.g. aptitude test, achievement test
26
Aptitude Test
potential,prediction, ability to learn something or master a skill
27
Achievement Test
what you already know
28
Test-Retest Reliability
tests taken some time apart will have similar scores
29
Inter-Rated Reliability
same results no matter who is doing the scoring
30
Content Validity
unrelated questions
31
Criterion Validity
properly represent necessary criteria
32
Confounding Variables
reason why correlation does not equal causation
33
Heritability Estimate
how much genes effect a trait (only useful for group)
34
Environment dictates ...
how well genes can be expressed
35
IQ
intelligence quotient
36
How to calculate IQ?
Mental Age/Chronological Age x100
37
Flynn Effect
raw scores are getting higher and higher over the years
38
Who has access to IQ tests?
- under lock and key
| - only available for real studies
39
What does IQ predict?
- academic success
| - success in work performance in professional careers
40
Heritability and IQ
influences it
41
Home Life and IQ
positively or negatively effects it
42
Nutrition and IQ
malnutrition negatively influences IQ
43
Illness and IQ
serious illness can hinder IQ
44
Number of Children and IQ
The more children in the family the lower the IQ of the children
45
Resources and IQ
more resources allow for higher IQ
46
Generational trends in IQ
IQ increases over generations
47
Gender and IQ
- women have higher scores for verbal
- men score higher in mathematical
- evens out
48
Race and IQ
not a factor
49
Post Hoc Fallacy
just because one thing happens before another does not mean it was the cause
50
Cohort Effect
experiences can shape abilities ad social behaviour
51
How Can Cohort Effect be Avoided?
sequential design
52
Cross-Sectional Design
test groups of people at different ages, all at once
53
Longitudinal Design
follow a group of people from one age to another
| -allows change over time to be observed in one group
54
Sequential Design
combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional
| -follow different age groups across time
55
2 Components of Piaget's Adaptation Theory That are Used in All Learning
1. Assimilation
- add to view without changing it
2. Accommodation
- creating new or modifying old schema
56
Equilibration
when child is dealing with a lot of information they move to a higher level of cognitive ability
57
Stages of Development
1. Sensory Motor Stage
2. Pre-Operational
3. Concrete Operation
4. Formal Operation
58
Sensory Motor Stage of Development
0-2
- sensing the world and using motor skills to act on it
- only think about what is in the moment
- struggle with object permanence
59
Pre-Operational Stage of Development
2-7
- abilities for mental representation
- think about symbols for language and writing
- hold something in mind the does not physically exist
- manipulating representations
- association with estimation
- egocentric
- struggle with conservation
- manipulating in mind
60
False Belief Task
toy box analogy
61
Theory of Mind
understanding that what you may know is different than what someone else may know
62
In which stage of development does the theory of mind and health belief model occur?
Pre-operational
63
Concrete Operation Stage of Development
- 7-11
- can pass all confirmation tasks
- tend to struggle with abstract reasoning
- deductive logic and scientific thinking
64
Formal Operation Stage of Development
- 12+
- adult-like
- logical and scientific thinking
- master skills child previously struggled with
65
Criticism of Piaget's Stages of Development
- thought children were fully developed by 12
- ignored language and motor development
- ignored frontal lobe development
- did not acknowledge culture or education
66
Lev Vygotsky
zone of proximal development and scaffolding
67
Zone of Proximal Development
kids may be ready to learn a skill with help
68
Scaffolding
training wheels
69
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
child does not care when caregiver leaves
70
Insecure Anxious Attachment
clingy
71
Secure Attachment
trust, needs are met
72
Disorganized Attachment
odd and unpredictable, confused
73
Attachment can be from a mix of _____ and _____
parenting style and temperament
74
Identity is formed by....
what sets you apart and what makes you similar to others
75
Eric Ericson
psychosocial crisis- each stage has to be met at a certain age to avoid poor development
76
Psychosocial Crisis In Infants
trust vs mistrust
77
Psychosocial Crisis in Children
abilities
78
Psychosocial Crisis in Adolescents
relationships
79
Psychosocial Crisis in Adulthood
success
80
Trauma
situation so severe it causes long-term damage
81
Hassel Scale
- daily, mundane, minor
- better predictor of overall wellbeing/perception of one's own well-being
- big life events can make a person more sensitive to hassle
82
Primary Appraisal
is this a problem?
83
Secondary Appraisal
do I have the tools I need to cope with that stressor?
| determines how much stress you feel based on response
84
Parasympathetic
rest and digest
85
Sympathetic
fight or flight
86
General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
87
Coping
dealing with stress in a productive way, does not necessarily prevent exhaustion
88
Problem Focused Coping
aimed at resolving the stressful situation (useful when problem can be fixed)
89
Avoidance Focused Coping
usually a response when stressor is unavoidable
90
Emotion Focused Coping
meditation, making the best of it, etc.
91
Proactive Coping
planning ahead to avoid stress
92
Stroop Test
colour reading test done in class, easier for people learning a language
93
Traits of Social Mammals
- smarter than those that live alone
- have hierarchies
- are capable of social cognition
- have social memories
- work as a team to improve society
94
Prejudice
pre-judge; snap judgements made about people with limited amounts of information
95
Prejudice is a form of_____
mental shortcut
96
In-Group Bias
perceived people in our in-group to be better or more preferred than people in the out-group
97
Out-Group Homogeneity
perceived people int he out group are all the same
98
Illusory Correlations
based on inaccurate info or cognitive biases
99
Explicit Beliefs
we know we hold them
100
Implicit Beliefs
we are unaware we have them
101
Discrimination
action that follow thoughts and feelings of prejudice
102
Discrimination vs Prejudice
- discrimination is always negative
| - discrimination requires action on prejudice
103
Attribution
explanation about the cause of someone's behaviour
104
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency to attribute cause to personal traits or factors
105
Ultimate Attribution Error
attribute the causes of behaviour of an entire group to their perceived negative dispositions
106
Conformity
tendency to adjust or change your behaviour in response to perceived group pressure
107
Conformity ____ in-group out-group categorizations
accentuates
108
Confederates
part of a research team playing particular roles
109
Obedience
changes behaviour because you were specifically told to
110
Milgram's Shock Test
proved you do not need to be evil to commit acts of evil
111
Deindividualization
less of an individual or less deviated from a group
112
Social Loafing
situation in which one person takes advantage of the work of others
113
Diffusion of Responsibility
multiple people who share responsibility for an outcome
114
Pluralistic Ignorance
feel like you should do something, or perceive a problem but you think you are the only person bothered so you keep it to yourself
115
Enlightenment Effect
once you have been enlightened about a psychological effect you become less vulnerable to it
116
Temperament
building block of personality
117
Personality
relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that influence how that person lives (distinct and consistent)
118
Is personality heritable?
yes- strongly
119
What hormone influences impulse control?
seratonin
120
What hormone influences levels of aggression
testosterone
121
Psychoanalytic Perspective
- Sigmund Freud
- experiences interacting with active unconscious to produce behaviours
- protects self from unwanted feelings
122
Active Unconscious
people aren't always aware of why they do things
123
Psychoanalytic Theory: 3 Components of the Mind
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
124
Id
- selfish
| - immediate gratification
125
Ego
- rational
| - mediates other two
126
Superego
- overarching sense of morality
| - impossible standard of right and wrong
127
Defence Mechanism
predictable responses to anxiety and conflict
128
Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theory
doesn't account for heritability in personality
129
Behavioural Perspective
- direct rejection of psychoanalytic theory
- focus on testable overt behaviour
- what a person does rather than why they do it
- focus on environment (punishment/reinforcement)
130
Criticism of Behavioural Perspective
ignores genetic predisposition and shared environment
131
Humanist Perspective
- rejection of psychoanalytic theory and behaviourist theory (too controlled)
- we have free will
- everyone is striving to do better (reach self-actualization)
- differences between people is the result of differences in levels of self-actualization
132
Self-Actualization
working toward developing our full potential
133
Ideals of Personality Associated with Self-actualized People
- confident
- creative
- spontaneous
- Don't care what others think
134
Criticism of Humanist Perspective
- based on biased ideas
| - ignore genetics and shared environments
135
Trait Approach
- ignores causes of personality
- focus on how people differ, how traits interact, how many unique traits are needed to adequately describe human personality
136
Dimensional Approach
people vary along some dimension
137
Big 5 Model
1. Consciousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness
5. Extraversion
138
Consciousness
tendency to be responsible and careful
139
Agreeableness
ability and eagerness to get along with others
140
Neuroticism
tendency toward anxiety and other negative emotions
141
Openness
curiosity and willingness to try new things
142
Extraversion
sociability and liveliness
143
Why are there only 5 traits?
if two traits consistently go hand in hand then they are the same trait
144
Two Way to Measure Personality
1. Structured
| 2. Projective
145
Structured
- preferences and the extend a particular word or concept describes it
- criterion validity is important
- reliable
146
Projective
- ambiguous stimuli are shown and person is asked to tell a story
- let people reveal things rather than ask directly
147
Rorschach Test
pictured association (ink blot)
148
Thematic Appreciation Test
tell a story based on picture
| -poor validity and reliability
149
Thematic Appreciation and Rorschach Test are both...
projective tests
150
4 Correlations with a Disorder
1. Statistically rare
2. Biological Dysfunction
3. Subjective Distress
4. Impairment
151
What Correlation is Crucial for Diagnosis and What Correlation is Not?
Crucial: Impairment
Not: Subjective Distress
152
Psychoanalytic Perspective
sees disordered behaviour as a consequence of the unconscious mind keeping things away from the conscious mind or failure of the ego to balance Id and Superego
153
Is the psychoanalytic perspective reliable?
no
154
Humanistic Perspective
people striving for improvement
| mental disorder results from struggle
155
Biological Perspective
genetic and physiological explanations for disorders (only helpful for some disorders)
156
Lerning Perspective
based on classical and operant conditioning explanations (only helpful for some disorders)
157
DSM-5
- Created by American Psychiatric Association
- categorical
- diagnostic criteria
- not focused on cause
158
Dimensional Approach
rated along spectrum for each symptom
159
Anxiety Disorders
- most common
- no statistical rarity
- subjective distress is needed for diagnoses
160
5 Anxiety Disorders
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
2. Panic Disorder
3. Specified Phobias
4. PTSD
5. OCD
161
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- always present
- not tied to specific trigger or situation
- worried or on edge about nothing specific
162
Panic Disorder
- come out of nowhere
- feel like you're going to die
- diagnosed only if it happens repeatedly
163
Specific Phobias
- tied to specific triggers
- fear has to be out of proportion to the risk
- related to social anxiety
164
PTSD
- specific trigger
| - not technically an anxiety disorder but anxiety is one of the symptoms
165
OCD
- obsessions, compulsions, or both
- anxiety as a symptom
- isn't a disorder unless you are distressed or impaired in having a good life
166
Mood Disorders
- common
| - existence of mood episodes
167
Manic Episodes
feeling elated, energetic powerful
- impulsive
- no thought of consequences
168
Hypomanic Episode
- milder
| - more "up" than usual without illusions or extreme behaviours
169
3 Mood Disorders
1. Bipolar
2. Dysthymia
3. Cyclothymia
170
Bipolar
-mania and depression in the same person
171
Bipolar I
manic episodes and mild depressive symptoms
172
Bipolar II
hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes
173
Dysthymia
milder chronic depression
174
Cyclothymia
- milder chronic version of bipolar
| - can be seasonally triggered or hormonally triggered
175
Which mood disorder is most heritable?
Bipolar
176
Personality Disorders
-according to DSM-5 disorders are caused by extreme versions of traits
177
3 Personality Disorders
1. Antisocial Personality Disorder
2. Schizophrenia
3. Borderline Personality Disorder
178
Borderline Personality Disorder
- volatile emotions
- black and white thinking
- not subtle in reactions
- selfish, manipulative, impulsive
- high neuroticism
- low consciousness
- low agreeableness
179
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- low consciousness and agreeableness and neuroticism
- calm in social situations
- few fears
- Don't care how others view them
- more likely to cause problems for others
180
Schizophrenia
- experience psychoanalysis
- develop weird associations
- see/hear things that aren't there
- more negative symptoms can have poorer prognosis
- associated with more brain abnormalities than other disorders
181
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- things most people don't have
- hallucinations
- delusions
- odd thoughts and movements
182
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- things most people have but they are lacking
- absence of emotional reactions
- absence of normal speech
- catatonia (zombie-like)
183
Spontaneous Remission
goes away on its own
184
Meta-Analysis
overreacting analysis of a bunch of different studies done by different researchers in different locations
185
Psychotherapy
- best from psychiatrists or psychologists
| - "talk therapy"
186
Insight Therapies
- psychotherapy
- psychoanalysis or humanistic
- based on unconscious or background
187
Cognitive Therapy
thought process
188
Behaviourist Therapies
focus on symptoms not cause
189
Electric Therapy
-blends of other approaches
190
Biomedical
- invasive
- alter aspects of physiology
- psychosurgery
- electroconvulsive therapy
191
Treating Anxiety Disorders
- cognitive behavioural treatments most effective (systemic desensitization etc.) for anxiety and OCD
- best improvement with a combo of drugs and treatments for all by phobias
192
Systemic Desensitization
1. Hierarchy of Fear
2. Relaxation Training
3. Working through the hierarchy one step at a time
193
Exposure and Response Prevention
- client is prevented from doing compulsive behaviour
| - could be combined with relaxation training
194
Anxiolytic Medications
depressant drugs increase GABA use reducing firing
195
Antidepressants
improve use of serotonin keeping moods stabilizes
196
Interpersonal Therapy
- neo-freudian
| - support and social skills training good for depressant symptoms
197
Cognitive Behavioural Therapies
- Ellis' rational Emotive behavioural therapy
- beck's cognitive therapy
- challenge negative thoughts
- goal is to alter the existing behaviours and thoughts
198
Therapeutic Alliance
good relationship with therapist is better predictor of the success of these treatments than the type of therapy
199
Treating Mood Disorders
- interpersonal therapy
- cognitive behavioural therapies
- therapeutic alliance
200
Is psychotherapy useful for treating Bipolar Disorder?
-useful for depressive episodes not manic episodes
201
SSRI's in treating mood disorders
- for depression
| - Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors
202
Are SSRI's useful for Bipolar?
-good for depression but could cause manic episodes
203
Lithium Carbonate and Anti-seizure Meds for Mood Disorders
-for bipolar inhibit norepinephrine, mood stabilizing
204
Meds or psychotherapy for mood disorders?
combo especially for major depression
205
Treating Personality Disorders
- treatment for depression are not likely to work
| - antisocial, low consciousness, low agreeableness make people less susceptible to help
206
Treating Schizophrenia
- does not respond to psychotherapy alone
- behaviour therapy good in combo with meds for psychotic symptoms
- token economy effective
207
Token Economy
based on operant conditioning, tokens rewarded and taken away to reinforce social behaviours
208
Why are talk therapies not effective for people with schizophrenia?
-not present in reality
209
Antipsychotic Medications/Neuroleptic
1. Typical/Conventional
| 2. Atypical
210
Typical Antipsychotic meds
- block dopamine receptors reducing positive symptoms liek hallucinations but not negative
- many movement related side effects
211
Atypical Antipsychotic Meds
- affect dopamine, serotonin, NE, ACh
- improve positive and negative symptoms
- lower risk of side effects
212
Tardive Dyskinesia
involuntary repetitive facial movements
| -side effect of typical antipsychotics
