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Nursing Year One > Psych II- Final Exam > Flashcards

Psych II- Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Economy

A

we tend to be stingy with our mental processes because it takes energy, so brains help us filter information by forming shortcuts. Shortcuts are not perfect but are worth it for efficiency

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2
Q

Heuristics/Biases

A

shortcuts that ignore irrelevant information

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3
Q

Representative heuristic

A
  • uses knowledge of groups to categorize new information
  • tendency to think in a particular direction
  • component of stereotyping
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4
Q

Availability Heuristic

A
  • pay more attention to info that pops readily to mind

- influenced by how powerful/recent they are

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5
Q

Anchoring Bias

A
  • value is treated as initial anchor to which other values are compared
  • saves you time when comparing new decision to the previous one
  • e.g. initial offer has the biggest impact on outcome
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6
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

-tendency to seek out info that supports what we already believe and ignore what we do not

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7
Q

Bandwagon Effect

A

tendency to gravitate toward popular opinions/ thoughts

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8
Q

Base-Rate Neglect

A

often ignore real statistical data in favor of gut reaction

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9
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

taking previous knowledge or experiences and imposing them those on a new experience

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10
Q

Paradox of Choice

A

when there is too many choices or too much information we often freeze (make choice we are not satisfied with or refuse to make choice)

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11
Q

Framing

A

example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented

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12
Q

Mental Sets

A

procedures used successfully in the past-similar to habit

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13
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

see things one way rather than creatively (cup only as something to put a drink in)

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14
Q

Algorithms

A

step-by-step procedures from old situations to new ones

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15
Q

Language

A

not all communication is language, sometimes symbols and riles are used to communicate

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16
Q

Phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound; some letters can have one or two and some letters combine to create one; multiple combine to create syllabus

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17
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning; can be words or indicating sounds (plurality)

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18
Q

Syntax

A

how words and phrases are correctly combined or modified

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19
Q

What gene is used for language comprehension and speech and is unique to humans?

A

Fox P2

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20
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

jump from part to part but important information is expressed

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21
Q

Nature vs Nurture in Language Development

A

both used

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22
Q

Is reading an automatic part of language development?

A

No

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23
Q

Reading starts as ____ ______ to ___ _____

A

phonetic decomposition

word recognition

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24
Q

Cognitive Approach to Intelligence

A

intelligence refers to your ability to learn new skill s and knowledge and to apply that knowledge for decision-making and problem-solving

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25
Q

Psychometric Test

A

mind measurement, measure mental abilities/traits

-e.g. aptitude test, achievement test

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26
Q

Aptitude Test

A

potential,prediction, ability to learn something or master a skill

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27
Q

Achievement Test

A

what you already know

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28
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

tests taken some time apart will have similar scores

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29
Q

Inter-Rated Reliability

A

same results no matter who is doing the scoring

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30
Q

Content Validity

A

unrelated questions

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31
Q

Criterion Validity

A

properly represent necessary criteria

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32
Q

Confounding Variables

A

reason why correlation does not equal causation

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33
Q

Heritability Estimate

A

how much genes effect a trait (only useful for group)

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34
Q

Environment dictates …

A

how well genes can be expressed

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35
Q

IQ

A

intelligence quotient

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36
Q

How to calculate IQ?

A

Mental Age/Chronological Age x100

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37
Q

Flynn Effect

A

raw scores are getting higher and higher over the years

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38
Q

Who has access to IQ tests?

A
  • under lock and key

- only available for real studies

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39
Q

What does IQ predict?

A
  • academic success

- success in work performance in professional careers

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40
Q

Heritability and IQ

A

influences it

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41
Q

Home Life and IQ

A

positively or negatively effects it

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42
Q

Nutrition and IQ

A

malnutrition negatively influences IQ

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43
Q

Illness and IQ

A

serious illness can hinder IQ

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44
Q

Number of Children and IQ

A

The more children in the family the lower the IQ of the children

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45
Q

Resources and IQ

A

more resources allow for higher IQ

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46
Q

Generational trends in IQ

A

IQ increases over generations

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47
Q

Gender and IQ

A
  • women have higher scores for verbal
  • men score higher in mathematical
  • evens out
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48
Q

Race and IQ

A

not a factor

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49
Q

Post Hoc Fallacy

A

just because one thing happens before another does not mean it was the cause

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50
Q

Cohort Effect

A

experiences can shape abilities ad social behaviour

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51
Q

How Can Cohort Effect be Avoided?

A

sequential design

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52
Q

Cross-Sectional Design

A

test groups of people at different ages, all at once

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53
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

follow a group of people from one age to another

-allows change over time to be observed in one group

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54
Q

Sequential Design

A

combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional

-follow different age groups across time

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55
Q

2 Components of Piaget’s Adaptation Theory That are Used in All Learning

A
  1. Assimilation
    - add to view without changing it
  2. Accommodation
    - creating new or modifying old schema
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56
Q

Equilibration

A

when child is dealing with a lot of information they move to a higher level of cognitive ability

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57
Q

Stages of Development

A
  1. Sensory Motor Stage
  2. Pre-Operational
  3. Concrete Operation
  4. Formal Operation
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58
Q

Sensory Motor Stage of Development

A

0-2

  • sensing the world and using motor skills to act on it
  • only think about what is in the moment
  • struggle with object permanence
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59
Q

Pre-Operational Stage of Development

A

2-7

  • abilities for mental representation
  • think about symbols for language and writing
  • hold something in mind the does not physically exist
  • manipulating representations
  • association with estimation
  • egocentric
  • struggle with conservation
  • manipulating in mind
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60
Q

False Belief Task

A

toy box analogy

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61
Q

Theory of Mind

A

understanding that what you may know is different than what someone else may know

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62
Q

In which stage of development does the theory of mind and health belief model occur?

A

Pre-operational

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63
Q

Concrete Operation Stage of Development

A
  • 7-11
  • can pass all confirmation tasks
  • tend to struggle with abstract reasoning
  • deductive logic and scientific thinking
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64
Q

Formal Operation Stage of Development

A
  • 12+
  • adult-like
  • logical and scientific thinking
  • master skills child previously struggled with
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65
Q

Criticism of Piaget’s Stages of Development

A
  • thought children were fully developed by 12
  • ignored language and motor development
  • ignored frontal lobe development
  • did not acknowledge culture or education
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66
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

zone of proximal development and scaffolding

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67
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

kids may be ready to learn a skill with help

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68
Q

Scaffolding

A

training wheels

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69
Q

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

A

child does not care when caregiver leaves

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70
Q

Insecure Anxious Attachment

A

clingy

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71
Q

Secure Attachment

A

trust, needs are met

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72
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

odd and unpredictable, confused

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73
Q

Attachment can be from a mix of _____ and _____

A

parenting style and temperament

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74
Q

Identity is formed by….

A

what sets you apart and what makes you similar to others

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75
Q

Eric Ericson

A

psychosocial crisis- each stage has to be met at a certain age to avoid poor development

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76
Q

Psychosocial Crisis In Infants

A

trust vs mistrust

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77
Q

Psychosocial Crisis in Children

A

abilities

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78
Q

Psychosocial Crisis in Adolescents

A

relationships

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79
Q

Psychosocial Crisis in Adulthood

A

success

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80
Q

Trauma

A

situation so severe it causes long-term damage

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81
Q

Hassel Scale

A
  • daily, mundane, minor
  • better predictor of overall wellbeing/perception of one’s own well-being
  • big life events can make a person more sensitive to hassle
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82
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

is this a problem?

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83
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

do I have the tools I need to cope with that stressor?

determines how much stress you feel based on response

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84
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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85
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight or flight

86
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
87
Q

Coping

A

dealing with stress in a productive way, does not necessarily prevent exhaustion

88
Q

Problem Focused Coping

A

aimed at resolving the stressful situation (useful when problem can be fixed)

89
Q

Avoidance Focused Coping

A

usually a response when stressor is unavoidable

90
Q

Emotion Focused Coping

A

meditation, making the best of it, etc.

91
Q

Proactive Coping

A

planning ahead to avoid stress

92
Q

Stroop Test

A

colour reading test done in class, easier for people learning a language

93
Q

Traits of Social Mammals

A
  • smarter than those that live alone
  • have hierarchies
  • are capable of social cognition
  • have social memories
  • work as a team to improve society
94
Q

Prejudice

A

pre-judge; snap judgements made about people with limited amounts of information

95
Q

Prejudice is a form of_____

A

mental shortcut

96
Q

In-Group Bias

A

perceived people in our in-group to be better or more preferred than people in the out-group

97
Q

Out-Group Homogeneity

A

perceived people int he out group are all the same

98
Q

Illusory Correlations

A

based on inaccurate info or cognitive biases

99
Q

Explicit Beliefs

A

we know we hold them

100
Q

Implicit Beliefs

A

we are unaware we have them

101
Q

Discrimination

A

action that follow thoughts and feelings of prejudice

102
Q

Discrimination vs Prejudice

A
  • discrimination is always negative

- discrimination requires action on prejudice

103
Q

Attribution

A

explanation about the cause of someone’s behaviour

104
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

tendency to attribute cause to personal traits or factors

105
Q

Ultimate Attribution Error

A

attribute the causes of behaviour of an entire group to their perceived negative dispositions

106
Q

Conformity

A

tendency to adjust or change your behaviour in response to perceived group pressure

107
Q

Conformity ____ in-group out-group categorizations

A

accentuates

108
Q

Confederates

A

part of a research team playing particular roles

109
Q

Obedience

A

changes behaviour because you were specifically told to

110
Q

Milgram’s Shock Test

A

proved you do not need to be evil to commit acts of evil

111
Q

Deindividualization

A

less of an individual or less deviated from a group

112
Q

Social Loafing

A

situation in which one person takes advantage of the work of others

113
Q

Diffusion of Responsibility

A

multiple people who share responsibility for an outcome

114
Q

Pluralistic Ignorance

A

feel like you should do something, or perceive a problem but you think you are the only person bothered so you keep it to yourself

115
Q

Enlightenment Effect

A

once you have been enlightened about a psychological effect you become less vulnerable to it

116
Q

Temperament

A

building block of personality

117
Q

Personality

A

relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that influence how that person lives (distinct and consistent)

118
Q

Is personality heritable?

A

yes- strongly

119
Q

What hormone influences impulse control?

A

seratonin

120
Q

What hormone influences levels of aggression

A

testosterone

121
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A
  • Sigmund Freud
  • experiences interacting with active unconscious to produce behaviours
  • protects self from unwanted feelings
122
Q

Active Unconscious

A

people aren’t always aware of why they do things

123
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory: 3 Components of the Mind

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
124
Q

Id

A
  • selfish

- immediate gratification

125
Q

Ego

A
  • rational

- mediates other two

126
Q

Superego

A
  • overarching sense of morality

- impossible standard of right and wrong

127
Q

Defence Mechanism

A

predictable responses to anxiety and conflict

128
Q

Criticism of Psychoanalytic Theory

A

doesn’t account for heritability in personality

129
Q

Behavioural Perspective

A
  • direct rejection of psychoanalytic theory
  • focus on testable overt behaviour
  • what a person does rather than why they do it
  • focus on environment (punishment/reinforcement)
130
Q

Criticism of Behavioural Perspective

A

ignores genetic predisposition and shared environment

131
Q

Humanist Perspective

A
  • rejection of psychoanalytic theory and behaviourist theory (too controlled)
  • we have free will
  • everyone is striving to do better (reach self-actualization)
  • differences between people is the result of differences in levels of self-actualization
132
Q

Self-Actualization

A

working toward developing our full potential

133
Q

Ideals of Personality Associated with Self-actualized People

A
  • confident
  • creative
  • spontaneous
  • Don’t care what others think
134
Q

Criticism of Humanist Perspective

A
  • based on biased ideas

- ignore genetics and shared environments

135
Q

Trait Approach

A
  • ignores causes of personality
  • focus on how people differ, how traits interact, how many unique traits are needed to adequately describe human personality
136
Q

Dimensional Approach

A

people vary along some dimension

137
Q

Big 5 Model

A
  1. Consciousness
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Neuroticism
  4. Openness
  5. Extraversion
138
Q

Consciousness

A

tendency to be responsible and careful

139
Q

Agreeableness

A

ability and eagerness to get along with others

140
Q

Neuroticism

A

tendency toward anxiety and other negative emotions

141
Q

Openness

A

curiosity and willingness to try new things

142
Q

Extraversion

A

sociability and liveliness

143
Q

Why are there only 5 traits?

A

if two traits consistently go hand in hand then they are the same trait

144
Q

Two Way to Measure Personality

A
  1. Structured

2. Projective

145
Q

Structured

A
  • preferences and the extend a particular word or concept describes it
  • criterion validity is important
  • reliable
146
Q

Projective

A
  • ambiguous stimuli are shown and person is asked to tell a story
  • let people reveal things rather than ask directly
147
Q

Rorschach Test

A

pictured association (ink blot)

148
Q

Thematic Appreciation Test

A

tell a story based on picture

-poor validity and reliability

149
Q

Thematic Appreciation and Rorschach Test are both…

A

projective tests

150
Q

4 Correlations with a Disorder

A
  1. Statistically rare
  2. Biological Dysfunction
  3. Subjective Distress
  4. Impairment
151
Q

What Correlation is Crucial for Diagnosis and What Correlation is Not?

A

Crucial: Impairment
Not: Subjective Distress

152
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

sees disordered behaviour as a consequence of the unconscious mind keeping things away from the conscious mind or failure of the ego to balance Id and Superego

153
Q

Is the psychoanalytic perspective reliable?

A

no

154
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

people striving for improvement

mental disorder results from struggle

155
Q

Biological Perspective

A

genetic and physiological explanations for disorders (only helpful for some disorders)

156
Q

Lerning Perspective

A

based on classical and operant conditioning explanations (only helpful for some disorders)

157
Q

DSM-5

A
  • Created by American Psychiatric Association
  • categorical
  • diagnostic criteria
  • not focused on cause
158
Q

Dimensional Approach

A

rated along spectrum for each symptom

159
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A
  • most common
  • no statistical rarity
  • subjective distress is needed for diagnoses
160
Q

5 Anxiety Disorders

A
  1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
  2. Panic Disorder
  3. Specified Phobias
  4. PTSD
  5. OCD
161
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • always present
  • not tied to specific trigger or situation
  • worried or on edge about nothing specific
162
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • come out of nowhere
  • feel like you’re going to die
  • diagnosed only if it happens repeatedly
163
Q

Specific Phobias

A
  • tied to specific triggers
  • fear has to be out of proportion to the risk
  • related to social anxiety
164
Q

PTSD

A
  • specific trigger

- not technically an anxiety disorder but anxiety is one of the symptoms

165
Q

OCD

A
  • obsessions, compulsions, or both
  • anxiety as a symptom
  • isn’t a disorder unless you are distressed or impaired in having a good life
166
Q

Mood Disorders

A
  • common

- existence of mood episodes

167
Q

Manic Episodes

A

feeling elated, energetic powerful

  • impulsive
  • no thought of consequences
168
Q

Hypomanic Episode

A
  • milder

- more “up” than usual without illusions or extreme behaviours

169
Q

3 Mood Disorders

A
  1. Bipolar
  2. Dysthymia
  3. Cyclothymia
170
Q

Bipolar

A

-mania and depression in the same person

171
Q

Bipolar I

A

manic episodes and mild depressive symptoms

172
Q

Bipolar II

A

hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes

173
Q

Dysthymia

A

milder chronic depression

174
Q

Cyclothymia

A
  • milder chronic version of bipolar

- can be seasonally triggered or hormonally triggered

175
Q

Which mood disorder is most heritable?

A

Bipolar

176
Q

Personality Disorders

A

-according to DSM-5 disorders are caused by extreme versions of traits

177
Q

3 Personality Disorders

A
  1. Antisocial Personality Disorder
  2. Schizophrenia
  3. Borderline Personality Disorder
178
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • volatile emotions
  • black and white thinking
  • not subtle in reactions
  • selfish, manipulative, impulsive
  • high neuroticism
  • low consciousness
  • low agreeableness
179
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • low consciousness and agreeableness and neuroticism
  • calm in social situations
  • few fears
  • Don’t care how others view them
  • more likely to cause problems for others
180
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • experience psychoanalysis
  • develop weird associations
  • see/hear things that aren’t there
  • more negative symptoms can have poorer prognosis
  • associated with more brain abnormalities than other disorders
181
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • things most people don’t have
  • hallucinations
  • delusions
  • odd thoughts and movements
182
Q

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A
  • things most people have but they are lacking
  • absence of emotional reactions
  • absence of normal speech
  • catatonia (zombie-like)
183
Q

Spontaneous Remission

A

goes away on its own

184
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

overreacting analysis of a bunch of different studies done by different researchers in different locations

185
Q

Psychotherapy

A
  • best from psychiatrists or psychologists

- “talk therapy”

186
Q

Insight Therapies

A
  • psychotherapy
  • psychoanalysis or humanistic
  • based on unconscious or background
187
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

thought process

188
Q

Behaviourist Therapies

A

focus on symptoms not cause

189
Q

Electric Therapy

A

-blends of other approaches

190
Q

Biomedical

A
  • invasive
  • alter aspects of physiology
  • psychosurgery
  • electroconvulsive therapy
191
Q

Treating Anxiety Disorders

A
  • cognitive behavioural treatments most effective (systemic desensitization etc.) for anxiety and OCD
  • best improvement with a combo of drugs and treatments for all by phobias
192
Q

Systemic Desensitization

A
  1. Hierarchy of Fear
  2. Relaxation Training
  3. Working through the hierarchy one step at a time
193
Q

Exposure and Response Prevention

A
  • client is prevented from doing compulsive behaviour

- could be combined with relaxation training

194
Q

Anxiolytic Medications

A

depressant drugs increase GABA use reducing firing

195
Q

Antidepressants

A

improve use of serotonin keeping moods stabilizes

196
Q

Interpersonal Therapy

A
  • neo-freudian

- support and social skills training good for depressant symptoms

197
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapies

A
  • Ellis’ rational Emotive behavioural therapy
  • beck’s cognitive therapy
  • challenge negative thoughts
  • goal is to alter the existing behaviours and thoughts
198
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

good relationship with therapist is better predictor of the success of these treatments than the type of therapy

199
Q

Treating Mood Disorders

A
  • interpersonal therapy
  • cognitive behavioural therapies
  • therapeutic alliance
200
Q

Is psychotherapy useful for treating Bipolar Disorder?

A

-useful for depressive episodes not manic episodes

201
Q

SSRI’s in treating mood disorders

A
  • for depression

- Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors

202
Q

Are SSRI’s useful for Bipolar?

A

-good for depression but could cause manic episodes

203
Q

Lithium Carbonate and Anti-seizure Meds for Mood Disorders

A

-for bipolar inhibit norepinephrine, mood stabilizing

204
Q

Meds or psychotherapy for mood disorders?

A

combo especially for major depression

205
Q

Treating Personality Disorders

A
  • treatment for depression are not likely to work

- antisocial, low consciousness, low agreeableness make people less susceptible to help

206
Q

Treating Schizophrenia

A
  • does not respond to psychotherapy alone
  • behaviour therapy good in combo with meds for psychotic symptoms
  • token economy effective
207
Q

Token Economy

A

based on operant conditioning, tokens rewarded and taken away to reinforce social behaviours

208
Q

Why are talk therapies not effective for people with schizophrenia?

A

-not present in reality

209
Q

Antipsychotic Medications/Neuroleptic

A
  1. Typical/Conventional

2. Atypical

210
Q

Typical Antipsychotic meds

A
  • block dopamine receptors reducing positive symptoms liek hallucinations but not negative
  • many movement related side effects
211
Q

Atypical Antipsychotic Meds

A
  • affect dopamine, serotonin, NE, ACh
  • improve positive and negative symptoms
  • lower risk of side effects
212
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

involuntary repetitive facial movements

-side effect of typical antipsychotics

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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