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Nursing Year One > Phys II- Reproduction > Flashcards

Phys II- Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Autosomes?

A
  • 22 homologous pairs

- code for general human characteristics (not paired)

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2
Q

Testosterone

A
  • steroid (cholesterol)

- sex and non sex effects

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3
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • spermatogonia to spermatozoa

- stimulated by FSH

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4
Q

3 Steps of Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Mitotic Proliferation
    • 46
    • 2 mitotic divisions
    • 4 spermatocytes
  2. Meiosis
    • 23
    • 2 meiotic divisions
    • 16 spermatozoa
  3. Packaging
    • head (nucleas/DNA)
    • Acrosome (enzyme cap for penetration)
    • midpiece (mitochondria)
    • tail (mobility)
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5
Q

Sertoli Cells

A
  • secrete fluid pushing sperm along
  • release inhibin
  • negative feedback for FSH
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6
Q

LH

A
  • testosterone control
  • spermatogenesis
  • rapid rise and slow decline over 90 mins
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7
Q

FSH

A
  • GnRH from anterior pituitary 9 min
  • testosterone feedback to GnRH and LH producing cells
  • inhibin inhibits FSH
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8
Q

Describe hormone levels before puberty

A
  • GnRH is low

- thus Testosterone , LH, and FSH are too low to produce sperm before puberty

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9
Q

Describe the route of sperm during spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubule- epididymis- ductus defrens

- movement caused by pressure gradient cerated by fluid from sertoli cells

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10
Q

What occurs in the epididymis

A
  • motility, storage and fertilization by testosterone
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11
Q

What moves the sperm along the ductus defrens?

A
  • peristaltic contractions
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12
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • fructose for energy
  • prostaglandins (smooth muscle motility in M and F)
  • fibrinogen
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13
Q

Prostate Gland

A
  • alkaline fluid to neutralize acid in vagina
  • clotting enzymes
  • fibrinolysin
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14
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A
  • lubricating mucus
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15
Q

What physiologically causes an erection?

A
  • NO from PNS
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16
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • spinal reflex
  • efferent SNS
  • contraction of smooth muscle in epididymis, vas defrens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra
  • 2.5-3mls
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17
Q

Ovaries

A
  • produce ova
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
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18
Q

Estrogen

A
  • ova maturation and release
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • transports sperm from vagina to oviduct
  • breast development
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19
Q

Progesterone

A
  • suitable environment for fetus

- breast’s ability to produce milk

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20
Q

Oogonia

A
  • undifferentiated germ cells in fetal ovaries
  • 6-7 mill in 5th month of gestation
  • mitotic division
21
Q

Primary Oocyte

A
  • diploid 46 replicated chromosomes
  • meiotic arrest until ovulation
  • surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells
22
Q

Primordial Follicle

A
  1. reach maturity and ovulate

2. degenerate to form scar tissue

23
Q

Describe the timing of meiotic divisions

A
  • prior to ovulation

- second upon fertilization

24
Q

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

A
  • each primary oocyte- one ovum 3 polar bodies

- each spermatocyte- 4 sperm

25
Q

What are the two stages of the Ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular Phase

2. Luteal Phase

26
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • presence of maturing follicles
  • oocyte enlarges
  • estrogen secreted by granulosa
  • one takes 14 days
  • ruptures to produce oocyte
  • oocyte enters oviduct
  • increased FSH to increase estrogen
  • increased estrogen decreases FSH
  • increased LH leading to ovulation and LH surge
27
Q

Mid Cycle LH Surge

A
  • halts estrogen in follicular cells
  • meiosis
  • follicular cells become luteal cells
  • LH maintains corpus luteum (more progesterone than estrogen)
28
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • 14 days
  • corpus luteum is fully functional 4 days after ovulation
  • increase in size for 4-5 days
  • if implantation does not occur corpus luteum degenerates in 14 days
  • progesterone inhibits FSH and LH
  • low LH causes degeneration and lowered progesterone
29
Q

Three Stages of Menstrual Cycle

A
  1. Menstrual Phase
  2. Proliferation Phase
  3. Secratory/Progestational Phase
30
Q

Menstrual Phase

A
  • discharge of endometrium
  • coincides with end of luteal and onset of follicular
  • prostaglandin released by uterus
  • vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels
  • causing death mild contractions of myometrium
31
Q

Proliferation Phase

A
  • cocurrent with last part of follicular phase
  • newly growing follicles secrete estrogen and endometrium prepares
  • peak estrogen levels trigger LH surge for ovulation
32
Q

Secratory/Progestational Phase

A
  • after ovulation (new corpus luteum)
  • corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen
  • progesterone causes endometrium to become highly vascularized and glycogen-filled from glands
33
Q

What is the ideal spot for fertilization?

A
  • apulla of oviduct
34
Q

Fertilization

A
  • must occur within 24 hrs of ovulation

- sperm can survive 5 days in repro tract

35
Q

When first sperm arrives at ovum…

A
  • chemical changes in surface mem inhibiting more sperm from entering
  • head of sperm pulled into cytoplasm
  • within hour they nucleofuse (zygote)
  • mitosis occurs
  • blastocyst capable of implantation after one week
  • uses enzymes released by tropoblasts that make hole in endometrium
  • nutrients released from endometrium for embryo
36
Q

Placenta

A
  • develops after implantation
  • organ of exchange between mom and baby
  • finger- like projections into maternal blood
  • forms fluid filled amniotic cavity
  • umbilical vein carries nutrients and O2 to fetus from placenta
  • arteries carry waste products to placenta
  • secretes essential pregnancy hormones
37
Q

HCG

A
  • maintains corpus luteum (1st trimester)

- stimulates testosterone release in XY

38
Q

Estrogen

A
  • growth of myometrium
  • increased uterine strength
  • prepares mammary glands
39
Q

Progesterone

A
  • suppress uterine contractions
40
Q

Relaxin

A
  • softens cervix and pelvis for parturition
41
Q

Gestation

A
  • 38 weeks
  • uterine enlargement
  • breast enlargement and ability to make milk
  • blood volume increase 30%
  • weight gain
  • increased resp activity 20%
  • increased nutrition needed
42
Q

Parturition

A
  • dilation of cervical canal
  • breakdown of collagen fibers (estrogen and PG)
  • relaxin
  • contraction of uterine myometrium
  • positive feedback at start of labor to increase force of contractions
  • pressure of fetus against cervix increases oxytocin
43
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • increases strength of contraction

- positive feedback increases until delivery

44
Q

Three stages of parturition

A
  1. Cervical Dilation
    • longest (up to 24 hrs)
  2. Delivery of Baby
    • 30-90 mins
  3. Delivery of Placenta
    • shortest
    • myometrium contracts
45
Q

Preparing Breasts for Lactation: Gestation

A
  • placental estrogen and progesterone promote development

- inhibit prolactin action on mammary glands

46
Q

Preparing Breasts for Lactation: Prolactin

A
  • stimulates milk production in alveolar cells

- end of placental steroids after birth initiates lactation

47
Q

Lactation

A
  • suckling causes oxytocin and prolactin release to sustain milk production
48
Q

Lactation: Oxytocin

A

squeezes milk through ducts

49
Q

Lactation: Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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