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Nursing Year One > Phys I- Final Exam > Flashcards

Phys I- Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Three Semicircular Canals and Their Sense

A
  1. Superior
    - nod “yes”
  2. Posterior
    - lateral head tilt
  3. Horizontal
    - shake head “no”
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2
Q

Otolith Organs Hair Cells

A
  1. Utricle
    - horizontal
    - linear acceleration
  2. Saccule
    - vertical
    - elevation
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3
Q

Sympathetic:

  1. Pre Ganglionic Origin
  2. Post Ganglionic Origin
  3. Pre Ganglionic Length
  4. Post Ganglionic Length
  5. Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic
  6. Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic
  7. Dominance
A
  1. Thoracic/Lumbar
  2. Sympathetic or Collateral Ganglion
  3. Short
  4. Long
  5. ACh (cholinergic)
  6. NE or E (Adrenergic)
  7. Fight or Flight
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4
Q

Parasympathetic:

  1. Pre Ganglionic Origin
  2. Post Ganglionic Origin
  3. Pre Ganglionic Length
  4. Post Ganglionic Length
  5. Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic
  6. Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic
  7. Dominance
A
  1. Cranial/Sacral Region
  2. Terminal Ganglia or Effector
  3. Long
  4. Short
  5. ACh (nicotinic)
  6. ACh (musacrinic)
  7. General Housekeeping
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5
Q

Two Types of Cholinergic Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Nicotinic

2. Musacrinic

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6
Q

Co-Operative Neurotransmitter Example

A

Salivary
thick- sympathetic
watery-parasympathetic

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7
Q

Alpha 1

A
  • NE>E
  • excitatory
  • CA2+ 2nd Messenger
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8
Q

Alpha 2

A
  • inhibitory
  • CAMP 2nd Messenger
  • decreases insulin
  • relaxes smooth muscle
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9
Q

Beta 1

A
  • NE=E
  • excitatory
  • kidneys produce renin
  • increases heart rate
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10
Q

Beta 2

A

-NE

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11
Q

Beta 3

A
  • NE>E
  • excitatory
  • burns fat
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12
Q

ANS

  1. Origin
  2. Number of Neurons
  3. Effector Organ
  4. Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter
  5. Neurotransmitter Effect
  6. Type of Control
  7. Centres of Control
A
  1. brain or lateral horn
  2. Two
  3. Cardiac, smooth, exocrine, endocrine
  4. ACh or NE
  5. stimulation or inhibition
  6. involuntary
  7. spinal cord, medulla, hypothalamus, prefrontal association cortex
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13
Q

SNS

  1. Origin
  2. Number of Neurons
  3. Effector Organ
  4. Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter
  5. Neurotransmitter Effect
  6. Type of Control
  7. Centres of Control
A
  1. ventral horn
  2. one
  3. skeletal
  4. ACh
  5. Stimulation
  6. Voluntary
  7. Spinal Cord, motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem
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14
Q

Short Chain Hydrophilic Hormone

A

insulin

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15
Q

Long Chain Hydrophilic Hormone

A
  • catecholamines
  • NE, E, dopamine
  • adrenal medulla
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16
Q

Circulation of Hydrophilic Hormones

A
  • 50% membrane bound

- 50% free in blood

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17
Q

Location of Receptors of Hydrophilic Hormones

A

plasma membrane

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18
Q

Lipophilic Hormones

A
  • thyroid

- steroids from cholesterol

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19
Q

Location of Receptors of Lipophilic Hormones

A

100% membrane bound

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20
Q

Which comes first Translation or Transcription?

A

Transcription

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21
Q

Cyclic AMP 2nd Messenger System

A

1st Messenger–> G and Adenyly–> ATP–> CAMP 2nd Messenger –> PKA –> protein phosphorylation –> response

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22
Q

Ca2+ 2nd Messenger System

A

1st Messenger –> G and Phos C –> PIP2 –> DAG and IP3 –> Ca2+ 2nd Messenger –> Protein change –> resonse

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23
Q

Myosin

A
  • thick
  • two functional subunits
    1. Tail ends
    2. Globular head
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24
Q

Actin

A
  • thin

- tropomyosin and troponin

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25
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • “off” relaxation
  • “on” contraction
  • binds to tropomyosin, actin, abd Ca2+
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26
Q

Troponin

A
  • Every 7th bead

- stabilizes tropomyosin when not bound to Ca2+ in “off” position

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27
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • functional unit of contraction

- zig-zag

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28
Q

A-band

  1. Dark or light
  2. Location
A
  1. dark

2. mysosin

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29
Q

M-Line Location

A

middle

30
Q

I-Band Location

A

lateral squiggles

31
Q

Steps of Muscle Contraction

A
  1. SR couple with T-Tubules
  2. T-tubules conduct action potentials
  3. Ca Released from SR
  4. Troponin binds to Ca
  5. Tropomyosin turns to “on” position
  6. Cross bridge forms and contracts muscle using sliding filament
  7. Power Stroke- myosin excited by ATP and pivots
  8. Increased Ca activates sliding filaments
  9. Ca reabsorbed
32
Q

Increased Ca Activation Effects…

A 
Z closer 
I closer
H closer 
M same 
A same
33
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A
  • strength
  • movement
  • stretch
  • First Phase-concentric
  • Second Phase- Eccentric (soreness)
34
Q

Isometric Contraction

A
  • yoga

- no movement

35
Q

3 Effects of ATP in Muscles

A
  1. myosin ATPase energizes power stroke
  2. ATP binding to myosin detaches bridge at end of powerstroke
    - active transport of CA2+ back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
36
Q

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy

A
  • males
  • recessive X chromosome
  • deformed dystrophin
  • gene therapy
37
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • no Z
  • unstriated
  • no troponin
  • poor SR
  • no T-tubules
  • globular contraction
  • calmodulin instead of troponin
  • ECF supplements poor SR
  • myosin light kinase
38
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • branched
  • striated
  • troponin and tropomyosin
  • good SR
  • ECF and SR
  • large T-tubules
  • mitochondria
  • never anaerobic
  • gap junctions and desmosomes
39
Q

Normal Pacemaker

A
  • entry to RA
  • SA node
  • 70-80bpm
40
Q

Latent Pacemaker

A
  • entry to RV
  • AV node
  • 40-60 bpm
41
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • 20-40bpm

- two branches of purkinje fibers

42
Q

Contractile Cells in Heart Never Undergo _____ or _____

A

summation or tetanus

43
Q

Tachycardia

A

> 100 bpm

44
Q

Bradycardia

A

<60 bpm

45
Q

Atrial Arrhythmia

A
  • rapid irregular beating of atria
  • > 200bpm
  • random P waves
  • sporadic QRS
46
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A
  • emergency
  • saw edge
  • shocking can help
47
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A
  • rapid

- no P waves

48
Q

Atrial Flutter

A
  • rapid but regular

- 200-300bpm

49
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to heart

50
Q

Acute Myocardial Infraction

A
  • heart attack

- blood vessels blocked or ruptured in heart

51
Q

Mid-Ventricular Diastole

A

passive filling of atria

52
Q

Late Ventricular Diastole

A
  • P-wave

- depolarization of atria

53
Q

End of Ventricular Diastole

A

-EDV 135ml

54
Q

Onset of Ventricular Systole

A

-QRS complex

55
Q

Iso-Volumetric Contraction

A
  • no blood enters or exits

- increased ventricular pressure

56
Q

Ventricular Ejaculation

A
  • semi-lunar valves open
  • peak of pressure
  • decreasing ventricular volume
57
Q

End of Ventricular Systole

A

ESV 64ml

58
Q

Lub

A
  • long
  • first
  • low
  • filling up
  • end of diastole
  • closing of AV
59
Q

Dup

A
  • short
  • high
  • second
  • expelling
  • closing of SL
60
Q

Stenotic Valve

A
  • stiff
  • does not open
  • whistle
61
Q

Insufficient Valve

A
  • incompetent
  • leaks
  • swishing
62
Q

Systolic Murmur

A

Lub-murmur-dup

63
Q

Diastolic Murmur

A

Lub-dup-murmur

64
Q

Parasympathetic Division Supplies ___ of Heart

A

atrium

65
Q

Sympathetic Division Supplies ____ of Heart

A

atria and ventricles

66
Q

Spasm of Heart

A
  • first step of failure
  • reversible
  • platelet
67
Q

Atherosclerotic

A
  • plaques
  • macrophages
  • fatty streaks
  • smaller artery size
  • bypass
68
Q

First Stage of Heart Attack

A

Ca+ ions precipitate

69
Q

Atheroma

A

decreased artery size

70
Q

Thromboembolism

A
  • angina

- nitro

71
Q

Embolism

A

thrombosis floats

deoxygenated die

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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