Sympathetic: 1. Pre Ganglionic Origin 2. Post Ganglionic Origin 3. Pre Ganglionic Length 4. Post Ganglionic Length 5. Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic 6. Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic 7. Dominance

1. Thoracic/Lumbar 2. Sympathetic or Collateral Ganglion 3. Short 4. Long 5. ACh (cholinergic) 6. NE or E (Adrenergic) 7. Fight or Flight

Parasympathetic: 1. Pre Ganglionic Origin 2. Post Ganglionic Origin 3. Pre Ganglionic Length 4. Post Ganglionic Length 5. Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic 6. Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic 7. Dominance

1. Cranial/Sacral Region 2. Terminal Ganglia or Effector 3. Long 4. Short 5. ACh (nicotinic) 6. ACh (musacrinic) 7. General Housekeeping

- NE>E - excitatory - CA2+ 2nd Messenger

- inhibitory - CAMP 2nd Messenger - decreases insulin - relaxes smooth muscle

- NE=E - excitatory - kidneys produce renin - increases heart rate

- NE>E - excitatory - burns fat

ANS 1. Origin 2. Number of Neurons 3. Effector Organ 4. Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter 5. Neurotransmitter Effect 6. Type of Control 7. Centres of Control

1. brain or lateral horn 2. Two 3. Cardiac, smooth, exocrine, endocrine 4. ACh or NE 5. stimulation or inhibition 6. involuntary 7. spinal cord, medulla, hypothalamus, prefrontal association cortex

SNS 1. Origin 2. Number of Neurons 3. Effector Organ 4. Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter 5. Neurotransmitter Effect 6. Type of Control 7. Centres of Control

1. ventral horn 2. one 3. skeletal 4. ACh 5. Stimulation 6. Voluntary 7. Spinal Cord, motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem

- thyroid - steroids from cholesterol

- thick - two functional subunits 1. Tail ends 2. Globular head

- thin - tropomyosin and troponin

Phys I- Final Exam Flashcards by Katy Offenberger

Three Semicircular Canals and Their Sense

Superior
- nod “yes”
Posterior
- lateral head tilt
Horizontal
- shake head “no”

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Otolith Organs Hair Cells

Utricle
- horizontal
- linear acceleration
Saccule
- vertical
- elevation

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Sympathetic:

Pre Ganglionic Origin
Post Ganglionic Origin
Pre Ganglionic Length
Post Ganglionic Length
Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic
Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic
Dominance

Thoracic/Lumbar
Sympathetic or Collateral Ganglion
Short
Long
ACh (cholinergic)
NE or E (Adrenergic)
Fight or Flight

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Parasympathetic:

Pre Ganglionic Origin
Post Ganglionic Origin
Pre Ganglionic Length
Post Ganglionic Length
Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic
Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic
Dominance

Cranial/Sacral Region
Terminal Ganglia or Effector
Long
Short
ACh (nicotinic)
ACh (musacrinic)
General Housekeeping

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Two Types of Cholinergic Neurotransmitters

Nicotinic

2. Musacrinic

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Co-Operative Neurotransmitter Example

Salivary
thick- sympathetic
watery-parasympathetic

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Alpha 1

NE>E
excitatory
CA2+ 2nd Messenger

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Alpha 2

inhibitory
CAMP 2nd Messenger
decreases insulin
relaxes smooth muscle

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Beta 1

NE=E
excitatory
kidneys produce renin
increases heart rate

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Beta 2

-NE

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Beta 3

NE>E
excitatory
burns fat

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ANS

Origin
Number of Neurons
Effector Organ
Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter Effect
Type of Control
Centres of Control

brain or lateral horn
Two
Cardiac, smooth, exocrine, endocrine
ACh or NE
stimulation or inhibition
involuntary
spinal cord, medulla, hypothalamus, prefrontal association cortex

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SNS

Origin
Number of Neurons
Effector Organ
Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter Effect
Type of Control
Centres of Control

ventral horn
one
skeletal
ACh
Stimulation
Voluntary
Spinal Cord, motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem

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Short Chain Hydrophilic Hormone

insulin

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Long Chain Hydrophilic Hormone

catecholamines
NE, E, dopamine
adrenal medulla

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Circulation of Hydrophilic Hormones

50% membrane bound

- 50% free in blood

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Location of Receptors of Hydrophilic Hormones

plasma membrane

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Lipophilic Hormones

thyroid

- steroids from cholesterol

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Location of Receptors of Lipophilic Hormones

100% membrane bound

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Which comes first Translation or Transcription?

Transcription

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Cyclic AMP 2nd Messenger System

1st Messenger–> G and Adenyly–> ATP–> CAMP 2nd Messenger –> PKA –> protein phosphorylation –> response

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Ca2+ 2nd Messenger System

1st Messenger –> G and Phos C –> PIP2 –> DAG and IP3 –> Ca2+ 2nd Messenger –> Protein change –> resonse

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Myosin

thick
two functional subunits
1. Tail ends
2. Globular head

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Actin

thin

- tropomyosin and troponin

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Tropomyosin

- "off" relaxation - "on" contraction - binds to tropomyosin, actin, abd Ca2+

Troponin

- Every 7th bead | - stabilizes tropomyosin when not bound to Ca2+ in "off" position

Sarcomere

- functional unit of contraction | - zig-zag

A-band 1. Dark or light 2. Location

1. dark | 2. mysosin

M-Line Location

middle

I-Band Location

lateral squiggles

Steps of Muscle Contraction

1. SR couple with T-Tubules 2. T-tubules conduct action potentials 3. Ca Released from SR 4. Troponin binds to Ca 5. Tropomyosin turns to "on" position 6. Cross bridge forms and contracts muscle using sliding filament 7. Power Stroke- myosin excited by ATP and pivots 8. Increased Ca activates sliding filaments 9. Ca reabsorbed

Increased Ca Activation Effects...

``` Z closer I closer H closer M same A same ```

Isotonic Contraction

- strength - movement - stretch - First Phase-concentric - Second Phase- Eccentric (soreness)

Isometric Contraction

- yoga | - no movement

3 Effects of ATP in Muscles

1. myosin ATPase energizes power stroke 2. ATP binding to myosin detaches bridge at end of powerstroke - active transport of CA2+ back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy

- males - recessive X chromosome - deformed dystrophin - gene therapy

Smooth Muscle

- no Z - unstriated - no troponin - poor SR - no T-tubules - globular contraction - calmodulin instead of troponin - ECF supplements poor SR - myosin light kinase

Cardiac Muscle

- branched - striated - troponin and tropomyosin - good SR - ECF and SR - large T-tubules - mitochondria - never anaerobic - gap junctions and desmosomes

Normal Pacemaker

- entry to RA - SA node - 70-80bpm

Latent Pacemaker

- entry to RV - AV node - 40-60 bpm

Bundle of His

- 20-40bpm | - two branches of purkinje fibers

Contractile Cells in Heart Never Undergo _____ or _____

summation or tetanus

Tachycardia

>100 bpm

Bradycardia

<60 bpm

Atrial Arrhythmia

- rapid irregular beating of atria - >200bpm - random P waves - sporadic QRS

Ventricular Fibrillation

- emergency - saw edge - shocking can help

Atrial Fibrillation

- rapid | - no P waves

Atrial Flutter

- rapid but regular | - 200-300bpm

Myocardial Ischemia

inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to heart

Acute Myocardial Infraction

- heart attack | - blood vessels blocked or ruptured in heart

Mid-Ventricular Diastole

passive filling of atria

Late Ventricular Diastole

- P-wave | - depolarization of atria

End of Ventricular Diastole

-EDV 135ml

Onset of Ventricular Systole

-QRS complex

Iso-Volumetric Contraction

- no blood enters or exits | - increased ventricular pressure

Ventricular Ejaculation

- semi-lunar valves open - peak of pressure - decreasing ventricular volume

End of Ventricular Systole

ESV 64ml

Lub

- long - first - low - filling up - end of diastole - closing of AV

Dup

- short - high - second - expelling - closing of SL

Stenotic Valve

- stiff - does not open - whistle

Insufficient Valve

- incompetent - leaks - swishing

Systolic Murmur

Lub-murmur-dup

Diastolic Murmur

Lub-dup-murmur

Parasympathetic Division Supplies ___ of Heart

atrium

Sympathetic Division Supplies ____ of Heart

atria and ventricles

Spasm of Heart

- first step of failure - reversible - platelet

Atherosclerotic

- plaques - macrophages - fatty streaks - smaller artery size - bypass

First Stage of Heart Attack

Ca+ ions precipitate

Atheroma

decreased artery size

Thromboembolism

- angina | - nitro

Embolism

thrombosis floats | deoxygenated die