Phys I- Final Exam Flashcards
Three Semicircular Canals and Their Sense
- Superior
- nod “yes” - Posterior
- lateral head tilt - Horizontal
- shake head “no”
Otolith Organs Hair Cells
- Utricle
- horizontal
- linear acceleration - Saccule
- vertical
- elevation
Sympathetic:
- Pre Ganglionic Origin
- Post Ganglionic Origin
- Pre Ganglionic Length
- Post Ganglionic Length
- Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic
- Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic
- Dominance
- Thoracic/Lumbar
- Sympathetic or Collateral Ganglion
- Short
- Long
- ACh (cholinergic)
- NE or E (Adrenergic)
- Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic:
- Pre Ganglionic Origin
- Post Ganglionic Origin
- Pre Ganglionic Length
- Post Ganglionic Length
- Type of Receptors Pre-Ganglionic
- Type of Receptors Post-Ganglionic
- Dominance
- Cranial/Sacral Region
- Terminal Ganglia or Effector
- Long
- Short
- ACh (nicotinic)
- ACh (musacrinic)
- General Housekeeping
Two Types of Cholinergic Neurotransmitters
- Nicotinic
2. Musacrinic
Co-Operative Neurotransmitter Example
Salivary
thick- sympathetic
watery-parasympathetic
Alpha 1
- NE>E
- excitatory
- CA2+ 2nd Messenger
Alpha 2
- inhibitory
- CAMP 2nd Messenger
- decreases insulin
- relaxes smooth muscle
Beta 1
- NE=E
- excitatory
- kidneys produce renin
- increases heart rate
Beta 2
-NE
Beta 3
- NE>E
- excitatory
- burns fat
ANS
- Origin
- Number of Neurons
- Effector Organ
- Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter
- Neurotransmitter Effect
- Type of Control
- Centres of Control
- brain or lateral horn
- Two
- Cardiac, smooth, exocrine, endocrine
- ACh or NE
- stimulation or inhibition
- involuntary
- spinal cord, medulla, hypothalamus, prefrontal association cortex
SNS
- Origin
- Number of Neurons
- Effector Organ
- Innervated Organ Neurotransmitter
- Neurotransmitter Effect
- Type of Control
- Centres of Control
- ventral horn
- one
- skeletal
- ACh
- Stimulation
- Voluntary
- Spinal Cord, motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brain stem
Short Chain Hydrophilic Hormone
insulin
Long Chain Hydrophilic Hormone
- catecholamines
- NE, E, dopamine
- adrenal medulla
Circulation of Hydrophilic Hormones
- 50% membrane bound
- 50% free in blood
Location of Receptors of Hydrophilic Hormones
plasma membrane
Lipophilic Hormones
- thyroid
- steroids from cholesterol
Location of Receptors of Lipophilic Hormones
100% membrane bound
Which comes first Translation or Transcription?
Transcription
Cyclic AMP 2nd Messenger System
1st Messenger–> G and Adenyly–> ATP–> CAMP 2nd Messenger –> PKA –> protein phosphorylation –> response
Ca2+ 2nd Messenger System
1st Messenger –> G and Phos C –> PIP2 –> DAG and IP3 –> Ca2+ 2nd Messenger –> Protein change –> resonse
Myosin
- thick
- two functional subunits
1. Tail ends
2. Globular head
Actin
- thin
- tropomyosin and troponin
Tropomyosin
- “off” relaxation
- “on” contraction
- binds to tropomyosin, actin, abd Ca2+
Troponin
- Every 7th bead
- stabilizes tropomyosin when not bound to Ca2+ in “off” position
Sarcomere
- functional unit of contraction
- zig-zag
A-band
- Dark or light
- Location
- dark
2. mysosin
M-Line Location
middle
I-Band Location
lateral squiggles
Steps of Muscle Contraction
- SR couple with T-Tubules
- T-tubules conduct action potentials
- Ca Released from SR
- Troponin binds to Ca
- Tropomyosin turns to “on” position
- Cross bridge forms and contracts muscle using sliding filament
- Power Stroke- myosin excited by ATP and pivots
- Increased Ca activates sliding filaments
- Ca reabsorbed
Increased Ca Activation Effects…
Z closer I closer H closer M same A same
Isotonic Contraction
- strength
- movement
- stretch
- First Phase-concentric
- Second Phase- Eccentric (soreness)
Isometric Contraction
- yoga
- no movement
3 Effects of ATP in Muscles
- myosin ATPase energizes power stroke
- ATP binding to myosin detaches bridge at end of powerstroke
- active transport of CA2+ back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
- males
- recessive X chromosome
- deformed dystrophin
- gene therapy
Smooth Muscle
- no Z
- unstriated
- no troponin
- poor SR
- no T-tubules
- globular contraction
- calmodulin instead of troponin
- ECF supplements poor SR
- myosin light kinase
Cardiac Muscle
- branched
- striated
- troponin and tropomyosin
- good SR
- ECF and SR
- large T-tubules
- mitochondria
- never anaerobic
- gap junctions and desmosomes
Normal Pacemaker
- entry to RA
- SA node
- 70-80bpm
Latent Pacemaker
- entry to RV
- AV node
- 40-60 bpm
Bundle of His
- 20-40bpm
- two branches of purkinje fibers
Contractile Cells in Heart Never Undergo _____ or _____
summation or tetanus
Tachycardia
> 100 bpm
Bradycardia
<60 bpm
Atrial Arrhythmia
- rapid irregular beating of atria
- > 200bpm
- random P waves
- sporadic QRS
Ventricular Fibrillation
- emergency
- saw edge
- shocking can help
Atrial Fibrillation
- rapid
- no P waves
Atrial Flutter
- rapid but regular
- 200-300bpm
Myocardial Ischemia
inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to heart
Acute Myocardial Infraction
- heart attack
- blood vessels blocked or ruptured in heart
Mid-Ventricular Diastole
passive filling of atria
Late Ventricular Diastole
- P-wave
- depolarization of atria
End of Ventricular Diastole
-EDV 135ml
Onset of Ventricular Systole
-QRS complex
Iso-Volumetric Contraction
- no blood enters or exits
- increased ventricular pressure
Ventricular Ejaculation
- semi-lunar valves open
- peak of pressure
- decreasing ventricular volume
End of Ventricular Systole
ESV 64ml
Lub
- long
- first
- low
- filling up
- end of diastole
- closing of AV
Dup
- short
- high
- second
- expelling
- closing of SL
Stenotic Valve
- stiff
- does not open
- whistle
Insufficient Valve
- incompetent
- leaks
- swishing
Systolic Murmur
Lub-murmur-dup
Diastolic Murmur
Lub-dup-murmur
Parasympathetic Division Supplies ___ of Heart
atrium
Sympathetic Division Supplies ____ of Heart
atria and ventricles
Spasm of Heart
- first step of failure
- reversible
- platelet
Atherosclerotic
- plaques
- macrophages
- fatty streaks
- smaller artery size
- bypass
First Stage of Heart Attack
Ca+ ions precipitate
Atheroma
decreased artery size
Thromboembolism
- angina
- nitro
Embolism
thrombosis floats
deoxygenated die
