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Nursing Year One > Physiology I- Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Physiology I- Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The part of a neuron that receives an action potential

A

Dendrite

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2
Q

The part of a neuron that transmits an action potential

A

Axon

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3
Q

A side branch of an axon

A

Collaterals

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4
Q

Located between axon and cell body; neuron trigger zone

A

Axon Hillock

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5
Q

The part of a neuron that releases chemical messengers; output zone

A

Axon Terminals

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6
Q

Mylin

A
  • insulates axon (prevents loss of energy)
  • made of lipids and proteins
  • formed in CNS by oligodendrocytes and in PNS by Schwann Cells
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7
Q

Contiguous Neurons

A
  • unmyelinated fiber

- e.g. digestive neurons

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8
Q

Saltatory Neurons

A
  • myelin sheath with nodes of ranvier between
  • energy efficient
  • e.g. skeletal neurons (large), urinary neurons (small)
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9
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • occurs in people who have an inability to form myelin
  • signs: fatigue, weakness
  • symptoms: vision loss, difficulty walking
  • could be caused by environment (cold weather), viruses (i.e. herpes), or a free radical
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10
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

-store neurotransmitter

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11
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

between pre and post-synaptic neurons

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12
Q

Excitatory Synapse

A

creates excitation and action potential

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13
Q

EPSP

A

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential

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14
Q

Inhibitory Synapse

A
  • K+ or Chloride cause hyperpolarization

- shuts down post-synaptic neuron to stop action potential from travelling

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15
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential

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16
Q

5 Steps of Nervous Transmission

A
  1. Action potential reaches terminal
  2. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open allowing calcium to enter synaptic knob
  3. Neurotransmitter is released via exocytosis into synaptic cleft
  4. neurotransmitter binds to receptor site on PSN
  5. K+ and Na+ channels open in the subsynaptic membrane continuing action potential
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17
Q

Temporal Summation

A

-two of the same excitatory potentials will add to form larger potential

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18
Q

GPSP

A

Grand Post Synaptic Potential

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19
Q

Spatial Summation

A

-two different excitatory potentials will add to form larger potential

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20
Q

How does cocaine effect synaptic transmission?

A

-blocks re-uptake of dopamine at pre-synaptic terminals

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21
Q

How does tetanus toxin effect synaptic transmission?

A

-prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA affecting skeletal muscles

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22
Q

How does Parkinson’s effect synaptic transmission?

A

-low dopamine levels

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23
Q

5 Types of Chemical Messengers

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Hormones
  4. Neurocrines
  5. Cytokine
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24
Q

3 Types of Neurocrines

A
  1. Neurotransmitters
  2. Neurohormone
  3. Neuromodulator/Neuropeptides
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25
Q

What makes Neuromodulators/Neuropeptides special?

A
  • action occurs over hours, days and years

- used in memory and learning

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26
Q

What are cytokine chemical messengers used in?

A
  • tissue development

- fever (inflammation)

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27
Q

Embryonic CNS Development: Week 3/Day 20

A

-CNS begins to develop

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28
Q

Embryonic CNS Development: Week 3/ Day 23

A

-CNS and PNS differentiate

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29
Q

Embryonic CNS Development: Week 4/ Day 28

A

-forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain develop

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30
Q

Embryonic CNS Development: Week 6/ Day 42

A
  • forebrain differentiates between cerebrum and diencephalon

- hindbrain differentiates into medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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31
Q

Embryonic Development: Week 11/ Day 77

A
  • cerebrum growth is more rapid than other parts of brain

- looks more human

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32
Q

2 Components of CNS

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

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33
Q

3 Components of Brain

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brains Stem
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34
Q

2 Components of Forebrain

A
  1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

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35
Q

3 Components of Cerebellum

A
  1. Spinocerebellum
  2. Cerebrocerebellum
  3. Vestibulocerebellum
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36
Q

3 Components of Brain Stem

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
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37
Q

2 Components of Cerebrum

A
  1. Cortex

2. Basal Nuclei

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38
Q

2 Components of Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

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39
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

Receptors of Body –> Peripheral Axon –> Central Axon –> CNS

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40
Q

Interneuron

A
  • found in CNS
  • 99% of all neurons
  • very complex
  • abstract phenomenon happen here (learning, motivation, emotions)
  • cell body and dendrites–> axon terminals
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41
Q

Efferent Neuron

A

-cell body –> axon–> target

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42
Q

2 Locations of Efferent Neurons

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

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43
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • “unsung heroes of CNS and PNS”
  • neuroglia
  • glue
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44
Q

2 Types of Glial Cells in PNS

A
  1. Satellite Cells

2. Schwann Cells

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45
Q

4 Types of Glial Cells in CNS

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal Cells
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46
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • form a capsule

- ganglia/ nuclei

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47
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • form myelin

- provides neurotrophic

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48
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • form myelin
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49
Q

Microglia

A
  • small gluing cells
  • scavengers
  • stationary until activated
  • destroy foreign particles in brain
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50
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • star shaped
  • form tight junctions
  • secrete paracrine signals leading to BBB
  • provide neurotrophic factors
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51
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • epithelial cells lining cavities of brain
  • instrumental in secretion of CSF
  • neural stem cells producing new neurons
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52
Q

Glioma

A

tumor in brain that is nearly untreatable

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53
Q

Overactive microglia can cause…

A
  • worsening of MS
  • Dementia
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Stroke
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54
Q

3 Components of Meninges

A
  1. Dera Matter
  2. Arachnoid Matter
  3. Pia Matter
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55
Q

Dera Matter

A
  • closest to brain

- rich in venous system

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56
Q

Arachnoid Matter

A

-contains sub-arachnoid spaces which fill with fluid that goes back into the venous system through arachnoid villi which draw out anything that needs to go back to the venous system

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57
Q

Pia Matter

A
  • thinnest layer

- contains arteries which provide nutrients and oxygen to brain

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58
Q

Meningitis

A
  • bacterial infection affecting one or all of the three layers which can kill or paralyze
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59
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • made by ependymal cells lining choroid plexus (3rd and 4th ventricle)
  • produces 3x per day
  • bathes neural tissue and fills subarachnoid space
  • high Na+ content (for nerve transmission)
  • provides physical support for brain through buoyancy
  • shock absorber
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60
Q

How often and how much CSF does the body produce in a day

A
  • 3x per day

- 125-150mls

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61
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A
  • produced by astrocytes

- substances can cross only with transporters

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62
Q

Were is the BBB absent and why?

A
  • vomiting centre (medulla longata) and hypothalamus

- allows imbalances and particles to be sensed and expelled/fixed

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63
Q

What is Parkinson’s caused by, what are the symptoms, and what is the treatment and why?

A
  • caused by lack of dopamine
  • shuffling gait
  • L-dopa used as treatment because dopamine will not pass through the BBB
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64
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • two hemispheres
  • split by corpus collosum
  • surface is highly convoluted
  • consists of white (one layer, myelinated) and grey matter (6 layers, unmyelinated)
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65
Q

4 Parts of Cerebrum

A
  1. Occipital- vision
  2. Temporal- sound
  3. Parietal_ sensory stimuli
  4. Frontal- voluntary activity, elaboration of thought, spoken language
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66
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • directly behind central sulcus

- point where senses are relayed to

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67
Q

What areas of the body have the most somatosensory cortex allocated to them?

A
  • tongue
  • lips
  • face
  • hand
  • genetilia
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68
Q

Motor Cortex

A

-point where motor signals are sent from

69
Q

What ares of the body have the most motor cortex area allocated to them?

A
  • mouth
  • thumb
  • fingers
  • tongue
  • lips
70
Q

Cerebral Dominance: Right vs Left Brained

A
  • right- non-verbal skills, dream imagery, artistry, philosophy, spatial skills, wholistic world view, creators, often left handed
  • left- language, math, logical, analytical, sequential analysis, detailed thinkers, generally right handed
71
Q

Wernike’s Area

A
  • understanding language

- located between occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes

72
Q

Brocha’s Area

A
  • located in front of central sulcus in frontal lobes

- forms words (speech)

73
Q

Stroke affecting Wernike’s Area

A
  • can’t comprehend spoken language

- receptive aphasia

74
Q

Stroke affecting Broca’s Area

A
  • comprehension intact
  • cannot form words
  • expressive aphasia
75
Q

3 Association Areas

A
  1. Prefrontal Association Cortex
  2. Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex
  3. Limbic Association Cortex
76
Q

Prefrontal Association Cortex

A
  • personality traits
  • decision making
  • working memory
77
Q

Working Memory

A

stores data and makes decisions based on it

78
Q

Parietal-Temporal-Occipital Association Cortex

A
  • gives complete picture of your body

- see, hear, sense

79
Q

Limbic Association Cortex

A
  • memory
  • emotion
  • motivation
80
Q

Basal Nuclei

A
  • suppresses unwanted movements encourage useful motor activity especially posture and support
  • “refiner”
  • receives stimulus from thalamus “relay centre”
81
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A
  • genetic
  • fatal
  • affects neurons
  • decline in motor activities
  • lose in nervous activity leading to dementia (early 20’s)
  • loss of cognition
82
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • brain area most involved in regulating internal environment
  • controls many homeostatic functions
  • around 1% of the brain and two glands
83
Q

Thalamus

A
  • collection of nuclei
  • crude awareness of motor activity
  • relay station
  • site of sensory processing (minus olfactory)
  • sends refined sense to higher sensory cortex
84
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • located in thalamus

- secretes melatonin and affects circadian rhythm

85
Q

ADH

A
  • anti-diuretic

- regulates blood pressure

86
Q

Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary

A
  1. Gonads (progesterone, testosterone)
  2. Mammary
  3. Metabolism
87
Q

Hormones Secreted by Posterior Pituitary

A
  1. Oxytocin (for birth and milk)

2. ADH

88
Q

Spinocerebellum

A
  • muscle tone
  • skilled activity
  • middle management
89
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A
  • planning activity
  • procedural memories
  • repeated learning
  • motor memory
90
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A
  • eye
  • balance
  • inner ear
91
Q

Brain Stem

A
  • primitive
  • reticular activating system
  • 12 pairs of nerves
  • life giving/sustaining functions: BP, sleep/arousal, cardiovascular center
92
Q

Medulla

A
  • BP
  • breathing
  • vomiting
93
Q

Pons

A
  • bridge between lower and upper brain
  • breathing
  • eye movements
  • auditory responses
94
Q

Midbrain

A
  • most primitive

- does not change from week 3 of gestation onwards

95
Q

CNI

A

olfactory

96
Q

CNII

A

Optic Nerve

97
Q

CNX

A
  • vagus nerve
  • thoracic region
  • heart and tongue
98
Q

Limbic System

A
  • specialized region within forebrain

- emotions

99
Q

3 Components of Limbic System

A
  1. Cingulate Gyrus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hippocampus
100
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

-some fear

101
Q

Amygdala

A
  • almond shaped
  • controlling of fear
  • aggression
  • rage
  • sex drive
102
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • neuronal stem cells
  • only site where new neurons are produces
  • learning and memory
  • here and now memory (what, who, where, people, places)
103
Q

Alzheimer’s

A
  • caused by genetic mutation in hippocampus
  • loss of cholinergic neurons causing lack of Acetyl-choline
  • old age disease (65% of cases over age of 65)
104
Q

5 Types of Reflexes

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Innate
  3. Acquired
  4. Monosynaptic
  5. Polysynaptic
105
Q

Cranial Reflex

A

-brain or spinal cord

106
Q

Innate Reflex (3 examples)

A
  1. Babinski’s Reflex- stroke sole of child’s foot (toes curl-negative, or flex- positive)
  2. Sucking- in babies; disappears over time
  3. Landeau- 2-18 yrs
107
Q

Acquired Reflex

A

-e.g. toilet training

108
Q

Monosynaptic

A

-stretch

109
Q

Polysynaptic

A

-withdrawal reflex

110
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one energy form to another

111
Q

Perception

A

nervous input + memory + knowledge

112
Q

Generators vs Receptors

A

-generators directly receive stimulus while receptors receive stimulus and transmit it across a synaptic cleft via neurotransmitters to the afferent neuron

113
Q

Does pain stimulus require a receptor or generator?

A

Receptor

114
Q

Ionic Adaptation

A
  • fire until stimulus is removed

- e.g. proprioreceptors and baroceptors

115
Q

Phasic Adaptation

A
  • rapid adaptation to stimulus
  • fire rapidly, resting potential, then hyperpolarization called of response
  • e.g. touch or tactile receptors
  • anything you sense but then get used to (olfactory)
116
Q

Large Field Acuity

A

one point discrimination, sent off as one signal

117
Q

Small Field Acuity

A

two point discrimination, sent off as two separate signals

118
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A
  • capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors
  • disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction.
119
Q

Free Nerve ending Corpuscles

A
  • superficial

- myelinated or unmyelinated

120
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A
  • respond to fluttering and stroking movements

- light touch like air movement

121
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A
  • deeper
  • respond to skin stretch and deformation
  • apply continuous pressure in order to feel them
122
Q

Merkel’s Corpuscles

A
  • “touch dones”

- tissue displacement

123
Q

Pacinian

A
  • vibration
  • transient touches
  • most well-known corpuscles
  • used in electrical machines in physio
124
Q

Fast Pain Receptors

A
  • myelinated
  • small
  • A-Delta
  • 6-30 m/s
  • first part of any pain signalling
  • sharp stabbing pain
125
Q

Slow Pain Receptors

A
  • dull aching pain
  • second part of pain
  • lasts much longer
  • unmyelinated fibers
  • C-fibers
  • 1-2 m/s
126
Q

A-Beta

A
  • pain control

- inhibits pain

127
Q

Somatic Pain

A
  • after intense exercise
  • do not need pain killers
  • should go away on its own within a few hours
128
Q

Referred Pain

A
  • pain in the internal organs that is felt elsewhere

- e.g. heart pain felt in left arm/shoulder

129
Q

Pathological Pain

A
  • long-term

- chronic

130
Q

Phantom pain

A
  • felt in amputees missing limbs

- theory is that little neurons develop and fire at stump

131
Q

2 Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Substance P

2. Glutamate

132
Q

Substance P

A
  • named for pain?
  • secreted by first order neuron
  • stimulates second order neuron
  • e.g. asprin, morphine, endogenous piatis, endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins
133
Q

Glutamate

A
  • has two receptors

- receptor a. opens calcium channels causing hypersensitivity

134
Q

Nociception

A

pain reception

135
Q

Lens

A
  • transparent
  • separates two chambers of eye (posterior and anterior)
  • apoptosis
136
Q

Anterior Chamber

A
  • filled with aqueous humor

- drain by canal of schlemm

137
Q

Cause of Glaucoma

A
  • lack of draining via canal of schlemm in anterior chamber

- puts pressure on nerves and eventually destroys optic nerve

138
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

plasma-like fluid

139
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

-filled with vitreous humor

140
Q

Vitreous Humor

A
  • gel-like
  • gives eye it’s shape
  • “glassy” looking
141
Q

Sclera

A
  • transparent

- within posterior chamber

142
Q

Cornea

A

-transparent

143
Q

Choroid

A
  • pink area just inside sclera

- within posterior layer

144
Q

Ciliary Body

A
  • produces aqueous humor

- formed by choroid layer when it enters the anterior chamber

145
Q

Iris

A
  • pigment
  • even more accurate at identification than DNA
  • unique
  • very thin
146
Q

Pupil

A
  • small opening
  • allows light to enter the eye
  • size of opening determines how much light can come in and out
147
Q

Retina

A

-photo receptors

148
Q

Optic Disc

A

-contains optic nerves

149
Q

Fovea

A
  • layers of the retina spread aside
  • let light fall directly on the cones
  • give the sharpest image
150
Q

Macula

A

-region surrounding fovea

151
Q

Degeneration of Macula causes…

A
  • donut vision

- peripheral vision only

152
Q

CNII

A

optic nerv

153
Q

CNIII

A

ocular motor nerve

154
Q

CNVII

A

tear production (facial nerve)

155
Q

CNVI

A

abducens- outward gaze

156
Q

Emmetropia

A
  • no refractive error

- 20/20 vision

157
Q

In a healthy eye cilliary muscles are relaxed when _____ and contracted when _______.

A
  • the eye is looking at something far away (flat lens)

- the eye is looking at something close (round/taught)

158
Q

Myopia

A
  • difficulty seeing far
  • most common
  • light falls in front of retina
  • corrected by concave lens
159
Q

Astigmatism

A

-unequal focus with your eyes

160
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • difficulty seeing near
  • less common
  • corrected by convex lens
  • light falls behind retina
161
Q

Presbyopia

A
  • difficulty focusing up close
  • centre of lens starts to wear
  • becomes worse with age
  • corrected with bifocals
162
Q

Rods

A
  • 100 million
  • black and white/greyscale
  • low acuity
  • night vision
163
Q

Cones

A
  • 3 million
  • high acuity
  • day vision
  • red, green, and blue (high to low wavelength)
164
Q

Colour Blindness

A
  • affects cones
  • more prevalent in males
  • linked to X chromosome
  • due to damage/lack of red/green cons (higher wavelength)
165
Q

Dark Photons

A

Rhodopsin Inactive–> CGMP increases–> Na+/K+–> Inhibitory neurotransmitter–> darkness

166
Q

Light Photons

A

Rhodopsin Active–> activation of G Protein transduction–> Enzyme Phosphodiesterase –> CGMP deceases –> inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease –> bipolar graded potential –> ganglion cell action potential –> optic nerve action potential

167
Q

Light to Dark Adaptation

A

rods become less adapted

168
Q

Dark to Light Adaptation

A
  • cones become dislodged

- momentarily blurry

169
Q

Roles of Ganglion Cells

A
  • very complex
  • increases acuity
  • increased lateral inhibition
  • creates, borders, curves, and sharpens colours
  • increases sensation

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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