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Nursing Year One > Micro Ch 15 > Flashcards

Micro Ch 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Pathogenicity?

A
  • the ability to cause a disease
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2
Q

What is virulence?

A
  • the extent of pathogenicity
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3
Q

What are the three portals of entry?

A
  1. Mucous Membrane
  2. Skin
  3. Parenteral (direct into tissue)
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4
Q

What is M-Protein?

A

the adhesin present in cell wall of S. pyogenes causing strep throat and rheumatic fever

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5
Q

Adherane is how a disease…..

A

infects a tissue

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6
Q

What can prevent an infection?

A
  • low stress
  • general health
  • good immune system
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7
Q

Adhesins/Ligans are…

A
  • glycoproteins or lipoproteins present on cell wall, capsule, fimbrae, flagella
  • attach to receptors on host
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8
Q

Receptors are…

A
  • sugars (mannose, fructose)
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9
Q

What is Mycholic Acid?

A

the adhesin for TB or Leprosy in cell wall

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10
Q

What is M-Protein?

A

the adhesin present in cell wall of S. pyogenes causing strep

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11
Q

Why is M-Protein so dangerous?

A
  • evades phagocytosis

- acid/heat resistant

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12
Q

What use Fimbriae as an adhesin?

A
  • e-coli
  • gastroenteritis
  • UTI
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13
Q

What are Exotoxins?

A
  • part of metabolism
  • used in Gram+ve and Gram-ve
  • proteins
  • able to circulate
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14
Q

What are 4 examples of Exoenzymes?

A
  1. Coagulase
  2. Kinase
  3. Hyaluronidase
  4. Collagenase
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15
Q

What is coagulase?

A
  • used in S. aureus
  • causes blood clots
  • cause MRSA
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16
Q

What is Kinase?

A
  • breaks fibrin clot

- used nu S. pyogenes

17
Q

What is Hyaluronidase?

A
  • breaks hyaluronic acid used in connective tissue and muscle
  • used by S. pyogenes (necrotizing fasciitis)
  • used by C. perfunges ( gangrines)
  • blackens skin and leads to a quick spread through body
18
Q

What is Collaginase?

A
  • dissolves collagen

- C. perfringes (gangrenes)

19
Q

What is a toxoid?

A

neutralized exotoxin used in vaccines

20
Q

What are Endotoxins?

A
  • Lipid A
  • from LPS regionin outer membrane of gram-ve bacteria
  • cause fever leading to septic shock
  • cannot be neutralized
  • can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, clots, miscarriage
21
Q

3 Types of Exotoxins

A
  1. “Classic”
  2. Membrane-Disrupting
  3. Superantigens
22
Q

Describe Classic Exotoxins

A
  • always has two classic polypeptide chains (A&B)
  • A- active part
  • B- binding
23
Q

What are four examples of Classic Exotoxins?

A
  1. Diptheriotoxin
    • binds to resp tract
    • shuts down protein synthesis
    • suffocates host
  2. Tetanospasmin
    • binds to neurons
    • inhibits GABA inhibiting relaxation causign spasms
  3. Botulinum
    • found in canned foods
    • neurotoxin
    • inhibits release of ACh
    • flaccid paralysis
    • death
  4. Vibriotoxin
    • endotoxin
    • triggers cyclic AMP
    • causes rice water stools
    • causes severe dehydration
    • facilitates shock
24
Q

What are three examples of Membrane Disrupting endotoxins?

A
  1. Blood Agar
    • hemolysin disrupts membranes of RBC
    • S. Pyogenes
  2. Leukocidins
    • WBC
    • S. Pyogenes
25
Q

What are Superantigens?

A
  • provokes immune response
  • replace t-cells
  • produce cytokines to communicate between eachotherwhich circulate to reach vital organs
  • TSS, Staph
  • occurs over 1-6 hours (mean is 3.5)
26
Q

How do Endotoxins produce Shock?

A
  • release of TNF / cachetin
  • hits vital organs lowering BP
  • failure of organs especially kidneys
27
Q

Exotoxins are ___ which Endotoxins are ____.

A
  • exo- specific

- endo- general

28
Q

Two effects of Endotoxins

A
  1. Fever

2. Shock

29
Q

How do endotoxins cause fever?

A
  1. Macrophage envelopes gram-ve bacteria dissolving bacteria
  2. LPS portions from cell wall trigger Interleukin-1 when cell wall is dissolved
  3. Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins which bind to I-1 and feedback to hypothalamus
  4. Temp is increased
30
Q

What are two types of fever?

A
  1. Chills
    - I-1 is at it’s max
  2. Crisis
    - I-1 is at its lowest in blood
    - sweating
    * can go back and forth between the two until fever is broken
31
Q

Superantigens can lead to ______.

A

gi effect leading to toxic shock but it should be caught before that

32
Q

Exotoxins are ___ while Endotoxins are ____.

A
  • exo- specific

- endo- general

33
Q

How do endotoxins cause fever?

A
  1. Macrophage envelopes gram-ve bacteria dissolving bacteria
  2. LPS portions from cell wall trigger Interleukin-1 when cell wall is dissolved
  3. Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins which bind to I-1 and feedback to hypothalamus
  4. Temp is increased

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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