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Nursing Year One > HLST 152 Final Exam- Ch 14-22 > Flashcards

HLST 152 Final Exam- Ch 14-22 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA and Experience

A
  • experiences chemically change DNA

- set in place during critical stages of development

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2
Q

Early Childhood

A

prenatal to eight

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3
Q

Determinants of Good Childhood Development

A
  • physical
  • social
  • emotional
  • language
  • cognitive
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4
Q

Serve and Return

A

-speaking and waiting for baby’s response to develop neural pathways

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5
Q

Toxic Stress

A
  • lack of response from adult keeps stress response prolonged in child
  • delays neuron connection development
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6
Q

What factor has the biggest influence on child development?

A

nurturant qualities of the environment where the child grows up

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7
Q

Childhood Development Influences…

A
  • well-being
  • basic learning
  • school success
  • economic participation
  • social citizenry
  • health
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8
Q

Successful Development Depends On…

A
  • health (parent and child)
  • nutrition
  • parenting
  • strong social supports
  • stimulating interactions with others
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9
Q

3 Factors Contributing to Positive Child Outcomes

A
  1. Adequate Income
  2. Supportive Environment
  3. Effective Parenting
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10
Q

3 Risks to Healthy Child Development

A
  1. Poverty
  2. Inadequate Care Giving
  3. Child Abuse
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11
Q

Latency Effects

A
  • low birth rate
  • cardiovascular disease
  • Rubella, drinking, or smoking during pregnancy
  • Breastfeeding reducing cancer in mother and baby
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12
Q

Pathway Effects

A
  • early life environment sets trajectory

- readiness for school effecting educational attainment

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13
Q

Cumulative Effects

A
  • multiple exposures over a lifetime who’s health effects combine
  • accumulated disadvantage leading to learned helplessness
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14
Q

Attachment Connection

A
  • care increases sensory stimuli activating developing areas of brain
  • involves physical and emotional proximity
  • effects personality
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15
Q

Emotional Social Support

A

demonstrating care, empathy, love, trust and acceptance

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16
Q

Instrumental Social Support

A

tangible support or action; assisting with a task

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17
Q

Informational Social Support

A

providing advice or suggestions

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18
Q

Appraisal Social Support

A

providing constructive feedback that is useful in self-evaluation

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19
Q

Social Networks

A

web of social relationships surrounding an individual

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20
Q

Mutual Aid

A

activities in which members mutually benefit

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21
Q

Perceived Support

A

resources sensed as being available and helpful

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22
Q

Received Support

A

support actually provided

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23
Q

Social Support is usually_____ than the social network

A

smaller

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24
Q

Social Integration

A

-degree of involvement or participation in the social network

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25
Q

People who are social isolated have…

A

an increased risk of death from a number of causes

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26
Q

Prevention of Loneliness

A
  • better approach than helping once loneliness has occurred
  • identifying high risk groups
  • educational intervention
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27
Q

Social Support Helps People…

A
  • learn to deal with adversity
  • maintain mastery and control over life
  • solve problems
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28
Q

It is not the ____ of relations that matter but the _____.

A
  1. quantity

2. quality

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29
Q

Social Support and Stress

A
  • buffers impact
  • decreases occurrence of stress
  • decreases physiologic reactivity to stress
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30
Q

Social Capital

A

the social investments of individuals in society in therms of their membership in formal and informal groups, networks, and institutions

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31
Q

Social Exclusion

A

social exclusion is an expression of unequal relations of power among groups in society, which then determine unequal access to economic, social, political, and cultural resources

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32
Q

Roseto Effect

A

features of social support and social cohesion that accounted for the difference in health status between Roseto’s men and those of nearby communities

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33
Q

First Generation

A

people born outside Canada

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34
Q

Second Generation

A

includes individuals who are born in Canada with at least one parent born outside Canada

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35
Q

Third Generation

A

includes individuals who are born in Canada who’s parents were both born in Canada

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36
Q

Culture Influences…

A
  • interaction with healthcare system
  • participation in health prevention and promotion programs
  • access to health information
  • health related lifestyle choices
  • understanding of health and illness
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37
Q

Healthy Immigration Effect

A

health transition of immigrants signal importance of SDOH or factors outside formal healthcare
-morbidity and mortality

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38
Q

There are Ethnic Differences in…

A
  • perception and understanding of symptoms
  • health care behaviour
  • SDOH
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39
Q

Cultural ___ and ____ play important role in individual’s understanding of health

A
  1. beliefs

2. values

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40
Q

Different different ethnic groups have different ______ what constitutes appropriate treatment

A

expectations

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41
Q

Components of Culturally Competent Health Care

A
  • appropriate language
  • overcoming linguistic barriers
  • culturally appropriate services
  • reducing economic barriers
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42
Q

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

A

diverse range of healing approaches, many of which originate in ancient healing systems and indigenous cultures

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43
Q

CAM

A
  • usually outside conventional medicine
  • not usually covered by benefits
  • complementary
  • alternative
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44
Q

Three Central Beliefs of Integrative Medicine

A
  1. Health is a holistic phenomenon
  2. Healing relationships should be patient/client
    centered
  3. Treatments must be evidence-based
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45
Q

Two Central CAM Concepts

A
  • holism

- vitalism (healing is innate to human body)

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46
Q

Spirituality or Health Today?

A

pendulum swinging more towards spirituality

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47
Q

Studies Say… (spiritual and health)

A

religion and spirituality play a significant role in prevention of illness and health outcomes

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48
Q

Spiritual Well-Being

A

spiritual elements can effect mental and physical well-being

49
Q

Spiritual Health

A

impacts the experiences of life stressors, turning distress into eustress
-impacts all areas of health

50
Q

Examples of CAM

A
  • reflexology,
  • massage
  • meditation
  • natural health products
  • reiki
  • chiropractic
  • tai chi
  • yoga
  • aromatherapy
  • herbalism
51
Q

Stress

A

a biological and biochemical process that begins in the brain and spreads through the nervous system causing hormone release and eventually exerting an effect on the immune system

52
Q

Stressors

A
  • events that activate stress response systems
  • act as stimuli
  • internal or external
53
Q

Internal Stress

A
  • biological
  • fever
  • hunger
  • infection
54
Q

External Stress

A
  • motivational prompts for writing an exam
  • devastating personal events
  • more emotional
55
Q

Distress

A
  • bad stress
  • out of control
  • feel like victim
56
Q

Eustress

A
  • good stress
  • euphoric stress
  • exhilarating
  • promotes productivity
  • facilitates our effort
57
Q

Three Types of Stress

A
  1. Physical
  2. Psychological
  3. Psychosocial
58
Q

Categorizing Distress

A
  • work stress
  • family stress
  • acute stress
  • chronic stress
  • trauma
  • crisis
  • daily hassles
59
Q

Endocrine System and Stress: Catecholamines

A
  • adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine
  • increases heart rate, blood vessels constrict, muscles tense, respiration increases, blood thickens, more energy is release, brain becomes more alert
60
Q

Endocrine System and Stress: Corticosteroids

A
  • cortisone and cortisol

- suppresses immunity, leads to insulin resistance, weight increases, increase in BP and nerve loss

61
Q

Fight or Flight

A
  • increased mental activity
  • bronchiolar dilation
  • dilated pupils
  • increased respiratory rate
  • increased heart rate
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased glucose levels
  • increased fatty acids
  • increased BP
62
Q

Pregnancy and Stress

A
  • Stress in 2nd and 3rd trimesters cause more adverse outcomes
  • predictor of timing of birth and birth weight
63
Q

Cardiovascular Disease and Stress

A

stress increases chance of getting coronary artery disease

64
Q

Infectious Diseases and Stress

A
  • increased illness during exam periods

- immune system is weakened

65
Q

Chronic Stress

A

deleterious effects on a number of biological systems and give rise to a number of illnesses

66
Q

Hans Selye’s Conceptualization of Stress

A
  • point where organism’s ability to perform easily is exceeded by the demands put on it
  • resulting strain can be tempered by organism’s coping ability and moderating factors
67
Q

Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  1. Alarm Reaction
    - stressor disturbs homeostasis “fight or flight”
  2. Resistance
    - almost right after alarm, increased immune response
  3. Exhaustion
    - body reaches limit
    - health consequences appear
68
Q

3 Factors Causing Stress

A
  1. Individual
  2. Behavioural
  3. Lifestyle
69
Q

Behavioural Approach to Health

A

focus on personal health practices

70
Q

Coping skills help people face challenges without resorting to ______.

A

risk behaviours

71
Q

Transaction Model of Stress

A
  • stress is seen as a process
  • person-environment interactions determine stress response
  • interactions and reactions are called transactions
  • central feature is cognitive appraisal
72
Q

Emotion Based Coping

A
  • regulating emotion tied to the stressful situation

- no change to realities of the situation

73
Q

Problem-Based Coping

A

-used when we feel competent to deal with the stressor

74
Q

Steps of Problem Based Coping

A
  1. Define Problem
  2. Generate and Evaluate Solutions
  3. Learn skills to manage stressor
  4. Reappraise
75
Q

Locus of Control

A

-individual’s perception of where the underlying responsibilities of like events reside

76
Q

Learned Helplessness

A
  • opposite of control

- learned belief that there is nothing you can do to fix it

77
Q

Influence of Control on Health

A
  • more control = less risk of illness

- control is important indicator of health behaviours

78
Q

Resilience

A

-children of disturbed or incompetent parents learn to adapt to adverse circumstances through a variety of coping strategies

79
Q

Resilience Attachment Theory

A
  • based on attachment theory
  • importance of mother-infant relationship
  • sense of security helps coping with separation and adversity
80
Q

Resilient Personality

A

-certain personality traits keep us well, boost out immunity, and improve our immune system

81
Q

Traits of Resilient Personality

A
  • self-esteem
  • confidence
  • optimism
  • hope
  • autonomy
  • ability to cope
  • sociability
  • capacity for many emotions
  • positive attitude
82
Q

Family Resiliency

A

ability of a family to respond positively to an adverse event

83
Q

Health Canada Mission Statement

A

committed to improving health of all Canadians and making Canada the healthiest country in the world
-measured by longevity, lifestyle, and effective healthcare

84
Q

Role of Federal Government

A
  • financing
  • enforcing compliance with CHA
  • delivering services to specific target groups
  • functions on world stage with WHO
85
Q

Federal Health Service Provided Target Groups

A
  • inmates
  • vetrans
  • police
  • indigenous
86
Q

Role of Provincial Governments

A
  • administers and delivers health care services
  • each system is unique to their needs
  • insurance as mandated by CHA
  • health promotion and prevention
  • approves hospital budget and negotiates physician’s fees
87
Q

Canada Health Act

A
  • combination of hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act and Medical Care Act
  • provinces must meet 5 criteria, 2 conditions
88
Q

5 Criteria of CHA

A
  1. Public Administration
  2. Comprehensiveness
  3. Universality
  4. Portability (outside the country)
  5. Accessibility
89
Q

2 Provisions of CHA

A

Discourage financial contributions by patients through…

  1. user charges
  2. extra billing
90
Q

Medicare

A
  • ten provincial and three territorial insurance schemes providing free access to medically necessary health care
  • funded by general taxation
  • landed immigrants and citizens
91
Q

Social Safety Net

A

network of national and provincial social programs needed to protect the most vulnerable people of Canadian society

92
Q

Extended Health Care Services Examples

A
  • intermediate care in nursing homes
  • adult residential care services
  • home care
  • ambulatory health care services
93
Q

5 Levels of Care

A
  1. Health Promotion
  2. Disease and Injury Prevention
  3. Diagnosis and Treatment
  4. Rehabilitation
  5. Supportive Care
94
Q

Which level of care relates to the Ottawa Charter

A

Level 1. Health Promotion

95
Q

Strategies for Disease and Injury Prevention

A
  1. Clinical Actions (screening, immunizations)
  2. Behavioural Aspects (lifestyle changes and support groups)
  3. Environmental Action
96
Q

Three Levels for Diagnosis and Treatment

A
  1. Primary Care (first contact with healthcare system)
  2. Secondary Care (specialized, further investigation)
  3. Tertiary Care (specialized, unusual)
97
Q

Palliative Care

A

services for people living with progressive, life-threatening illness or conditions

98
Q

Respite Care

A

provides short term relief or time off for family care providers

99
Q

Tertiary Care

A

specialized and highly technical

100
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

-activities that promote early detection of disease

101
Q

Primary Prevention

A

activities that protect against a disease before signs and symptoms appear

102
Q

Alma Ata

A
  • 1978
  • representatives from countries gathered and committed to achievement of health for all by 2000 through primary health care
  • found inadequate illness management systems were not creating healthier societies
  • WHO in charge of unjust suffering and death
103
Q

Primary Health Care (PHC)

A
  • focus on promoting health/wellness and preventing illness
  • focus on what makes people sick
  • attention on healthy people
  • upstream focus
104
Q

Social Justice: CAN Definition

A
  • fair distribution of society’s benefits, responsibilities, and their consequences
  • focus on relative position of one social group to another and root causes of disparities and solutions
105
Q

Equity

A

-fair distribution of resources and access within and among various populations

106
Q

Two Events for Primary Health Care

A
  1. Ottawa Charter

2. Developing an Alternative Strategy for Achieving Health for All

107
Q

PHC Says Health is…

A
  • fundamental right
  • individual and collective responsibility
  • equal opportunity concept
  • essential part of socio-economic development
108
Q

5 Primary Health Care Principals

A
  1. Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
  2. Accessibility
  3. Public Participation
  4. Appropriate Technology
  5. Intersectoral Collaboration
109
Q

Health Promotion and Illness Prevention Requires a Shift From…

A 
From...
-disease based 
-reactive 
-downstream 
To...
-capacity wellness
-proactive 
-upstream
110
Q

Accessibility Requires a Shift From…

A 
From...
-physician gatekeeper 
-fragmentation 
-weak links 
To...
-clients direct their own care 
-choose access points
-integration
-interdisciplinary links
111
Q

Barriers to Accessibility

A
  • poverty/socioeconomic status
  • cultural minorities
  • geography/rural communities
  • stigma
  • lack of education or information
112
Q

Public Participation Requires a Shift From…

A

From…
-expert perception and control
To…
-informed public participation and decision making

113
Q

Appropriate Technology Requires a Shift From…

A 
From...
-use of technology without appropriate assessment of cost and benefits 
To...
-use of technology based on evidence 
-low tech or alternative therapies
114
Q

Barriers to Appropriate Technology

A

Canadians value expensive technology and quick fix cures

115
Q

Intersectional Collaboration Requires a Shift From…

A

From…
-health care is the sole responsibility of health sector
To…
-integration with education justice, social services, and labor sectors

116
Q

Intersectional Collaboration Barriers

A
  • focus on autonomy
  • lack of trust between professionals and agencies
  • ambiguity of roles and responsibilities
  • inadequate information systems
  • lack of formal evaluation criteria
  • Lack of incentives (financial) to participate
117
Q

Primary Health vs Primary Care

A 
Primary Health 
-community focused
-promotion and prevention
-provided by wide variety of people 
-self reliant 
Primary Care 
-first level of contact 
-individual focused
-emphasis on cure 
-professional dominance
118
Q

AHS and Primary Health

A
  • primary care initiatives
  • model of compromise
  • physician remains gatekeeper

Nursing Year One (31 decks)

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