HLST 152 Final Exam- Ch 14-22 Flashcards
1
Q
DNA and Experience
A
- experiences chemically change DNA
- set in place during critical stages of development
2
Q
Early Childhood
A
prenatal to eight
3
Q
Determinants of Good Childhood Development
A
- physical
- social
- emotional
- language
- cognitive
4
Q
Serve and Return
A
-speaking and waiting for baby’s response to develop neural pathways
5
Q
Toxic Stress
A
- lack of response from adult keeps stress response prolonged in child
- delays neuron connection development
6
Q
What factor has the biggest influence on child development?
A
nurturant qualities of the environment where the child grows up
7
Q
Childhood Development Influences…
A
- well-being
- basic learning
- school success
- economic participation
- social citizenry
- health
8
Q
Successful Development Depends On…
A
- health (parent and child)
- nutrition
- parenting
- strong social supports
- stimulating interactions with others
9
Q
3 Factors Contributing to Positive Child Outcomes
A
- Adequate Income
- Supportive Environment
- Effective Parenting
10
Q
3 Risks to Healthy Child Development
A
- Poverty
- Inadequate Care Giving
- Child Abuse
11
Q
Latency Effects
A
- low birth rate
- cardiovascular disease
- Rubella, drinking, or smoking during pregnancy
- Breastfeeding reducing cancer in mother and baby
12
Q
Pathway Effects
A
- early life environment sets trajectory
- readiness for school effecting educational attainment
13
Q
Cumulative Effects
A
- multiple exposures over a lifetime who’s health effects combine
- accumulated disadvantage leading to learned helplessness
14
Q
Attachment Connection
A
- care increases sensory stimuli activating developing areas of brain
- involves physical and emotional proximity
- effects personality
15
Q
Emotional Social Support
A
demonstrating care, empathy, love, trust and acceptance
16
Q
Instrumental Social Support
A
tangible support or action; assisting with a task
17
Q
Informational Social Support
A
providing advice or suggestions
18
Q
Appraisal Social Support
A
providing constructive feedback that is useful in self-evaluation
19
Q
Social Networks
A
web of social relationships surrounding an individual
20
Q
Mutual Aid
A
activities in which members mutually benefit
21
Q
Perceived Support
A
resources sensed as being available and helpful
22
Q
Received Support
A
support actually provided
23
Q
Social Support is usually_____ than the social network
A
smaller
24
Q
Social Integration
A
-degree of involvement or participation in the social network
25
People who are social isolated have...
an increased risk of death from a number of causes
26
Prevention of Loneliness
- better approach than helping once loneliness has occurred
- identifying high risk groups
- educational intervention
27
Social Support Helps People...
- learn to deal with adversity
- maintain mastery and control over life
- solve problems
28
It is not the ____ of relations that matter but the _____.
1. quantity
| 2. quality
29
Social Support and Stress
- buffers impact
- decreases occurrence of stress
- decreases physiologic reactivity to stress
30
Social Capital
the social investments of individuals in society in therms of their membership in formal and informal groups, networks, and institutions
31
Social Exclusion
social exclusion is an expression of unequal relations of power among groups in society, which then determine unequal access to economic, social, political, and cultural resources
32
Roseto Effect
features of social support and social cohesion that accounted for the difference in health status between Roseto's men and those of nearby communities
33
First Generation
people born outside Canada
34
Second Generation
includes individuals who are born in Canada with at least one parent born outside Canada
35
Third Generation
includes individuals who are born in Canada who's parents were both born in Canada
36
Culture Influences...
- interaction with healthcare system
- participation in health prevention and promotion programs
- access to health information
- health related lifestyle choices
- understanding of health and illness
37
Healthy Immigration Effect
health transition of immigrants signal importance of SDOH or factors outside formal healthcare
-morbidity and mortality
38
There are Ethnic Differences in...
- perception and understanding of symptoms
- health care behaviour
- SDOH
39
Cultural ___ and ____ play important role in individual's understanding of health
1. beliefs
| 2. values
40
Different different ethnic groups have different ______ what constitutes appropriate treatment
expectations
41
Components of Culturally Competent Health Care
- appropriate language
- overcoming linguistic barriers
- culturally appropriate services
- reducing economic barriers
42
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
diverse range of healing approaches, many of which originate in ancient healing systems and indigenous cultures
43
CAM
- usually outside conventional medicine
- not usually covered by benefits
- complementary
- alternative
44
Three Central Beliefs of Integrative Medicine
1. Health is a holistic phenomenon
2. Healing relationships should be patient/client
centered
3. Treatments must be evidence-based
45
Two Central CAM Concepts
- holism
| - vitalism (healing is innate to human body)
46
Spirituality or Health Today?
pendulum swinging more towards spirituality
47
Studies Say... (spiritual and health)
religion and spirituality play a significant role in prevention of illness and health outcomes
48
Spiritual Well-Being
spiritual elements can effect mental and physical well-being
49
Spiritual Health
impacts the experiences of life stressors, turning distress into eustress
-impacts all areas of health
50
Examples of CAM
- reflexology,
- massage
- meditation
- natural health products
- reiki
- chiropractic
- tai chi
- yoga
- aromatherapy
- herbalism
51
Stress
a biological and biochemical process that begins in the brain and spreads through the nervous system causing hormone release and eventually exerting an effect on the immune system
52
Stressors
- events that activate stress response systems
- act as stimuli
- internal or external
53
Internal Stress
- biological
- fever
- hunger
- infection
54
External Stress
- motivational prompts for writing an exam
- devastating personal events
- more emotional
55
Distress
- bad stress
- out of control
- feel like victim
56
Eustress
- good stress
- euphoric stress
- exhilarating
- promotes productivity
- facilitates our effort
57
Three Types of Stress
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3. Psychosocial
58
Categorizing Distress
- work stress
- family stress
- acute stress
- chronic stress
- trauma
- crisis
- daily hassles
59
Endocrine System and Stress: Catecholamines
- adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine
- increases heart rate, blood vessels constrict, muscles tense, respiration increases, blood thickens, more energy is release, brain becomes more alert
60
Endocrine System and Stress: Corticosteroids
- cortisone and cortisol
| - suppresses immunity, leads to insulin resistance, weight increases, increase in BP and nerve loss
61
Fight or Flight
- increased mental activity
- bronchiolar dilation
- dilated pupils
- increased respiratory rate
- increased heart rate
- increased cardiac output
- increased glucose levels
- increased fatty acids
- increased BP
62
Pregnancy and Stress
- Stress in 2nd and 3rd trimesters cause more adverse outcomes
- predictor of timing of birth and birth weight
63
Cardiovascular Disease and Stress
stress increases chance of getting coronary artery disease
64
Infectious Diseases and Stress
- increased illness during exam periods
| - immune system is weakened
65
Chronic Stress
deleterious effects on a number of biological systems and give rise to a number of illnesses
66
Hans Selye's Conceptualization of Stress
- point where organism's ability to perform easily is exceeded by the demands put on it
- resulting strain can be tempered by organism's coping ability and moderating factors
67
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm Reaction
- stressor disturbs homeostasis "fight or flight"
2. Resistance
- almost right after alarm, increased immune response
3. Exhaustion
- body reaches limit
- health consequences appear
68
3 Factors Causing Stress
1. Individual
2. Behavioural
3. Lifestyle
69
Behavioural Approach to Health
focus on personal health practices
70
Coping skills help people face challenges without resorting to ______.
risk behaviours
71
Transaction Model of Stress
- stress is seen as a process
- person-environment interactions determine stress response
- interactions and reactions are called transactions
- central feature is cognitive appraisal
72
Emotion Based Coping
- regulating emotion tied to the stressful situation
| - no change to realities of the situation
73
Problem-Based Coping
-used when we feel competent to deal with the stressor
74
Steps of Problem Based Coping
1. Define Problem
2. Generate and Evaluate Solutions
3. Learn skills to manage stressor
4. Reappraise
75
Locus of Control
-individual's perception of where the underlying responsibilities of like events reside
76
Learned Helplessness
- opposite of control
| - learned belief that there is nothing you can do to fix it
77
Influence of Control on Health
- more control = less risk of illness
| - control is important indicator of health behaviours
78
Resilience
-children of disturbed or incompetent parents learn to adapt to adverse circumstances through a variety of coping strategies
79
Resilience Attachment Theory
- based on attachment theory
- importance of mother-infant relationship
- sense of security helps coping with separation and adversity
80
Resilient Personality
-certain personality traits keep us well, boost out immunity, and improve our immune system
81
Traits of Resilient Personality
- self-esteem
- confidence
- optimism
- hope
- autonomy
- ability to cope
- sociability
- capacity for many emotions
- positive attitude
82
Family Resiliency
ability of a family to respond positively to an adverse event
83
Health Canada Mission Statement
committed to improving health of all Canadians and making Canada the healthiest country in the world
-measured by longevity, lifestyle, and effective healthcare
84
Role of Federal Government
- financing
- enforcing compliance with CHA
- delivering services to specific target groups
- functions on world stage with WHO
85
Federal Health Service Provided Target Groups
- inmates
- vetrans
- police
- indigenous
86
Role of Provincial Governments
- administers and delivers health care services
- each system is unique to their needs
- insurance as mandated by CHA
- health promotion and prevention
- approves hospital budget and negotiates physician's fees
87
Canada Health Act
- combination of hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act and Medical Care Act
- provinces must meet 5 criteria, 2 conditions
88
5 Criteria of CHA
1. Public Administration
2. Comprehensiveness
3. Universality
4. Portability (outside the country)
5. Accessibility
89
2 Provisions of CHA
Discourage financial contributions by patients through...
1. user charges
2. extra billing
90
Medicare
- ten provincial and three territorial insurance schemes providing free access to medically necessary health care
- funded by general taxation
- landed immigrants and citizens
91
Social Safety Net
network of national and provincial social programs needed to protect the most vulnerable people of Canadian society
92
Extended Health Care Services Examples
- intermediate care in nursing homes
- adult residential care services
- home care
- ambulatory health care services
93
5 Levels of Care
1. Health Promotion
2. Disease and Injury Prevention
3. Diagnosis and Treatment
4. Rehabilitation
5. Supportive Care
94
Which level of care relates to the Ottawa Charter
Level 1. Health Promotion
95
Strategies for Disease and Injury Prevention
1. Clinical Actions (screening, immunizations)
2. Behavioural Aspects (lifestyle changes and support groups)
3. Environmental Action
96
Three Levels for Diagnosis and Treatment
1. Primary Care (first contact with healthcare system)
2. Secondary Care (specialized, further investigation)
3. Tertiary Care (specialized, unusual)
97
Palliative Care
services for people living with progressive, life-threatening illness or conditions
98
Respite Care
provides short term relief or time off for family care providers
99
Tertiary Care
specialized and highly technical
100
Secondary Prevention
-activities that promote early detection of disease
101
Primary Prevention
activities that protect against a disease before signs and symptoms appear
102
Alma Ata
- 1978
- representatives from countries gathered and committed to achievement of health for all by 2000 through primary health care
- found inadequate illness management systems were not creating healthier societies
- WHO in charge of unjust suffering and death
103
Primary Health Care (PHC)
- focus on promoting health/wellness and preventing illness
- focus on what makes people sick
- attention on healthy people
- upstream focus
104
Social Justice: CAN Definition
- fair distribution of society's benefits, responsibilities, and their consequences
- focus on relative position of one social group to another and root causes of disparities and solutions
105
Equity
-fair distribution of resources and access within and among various populations
106
Two Events for Primary Health Care
1. Ottawa Charter
| 2. Developing an Alternative Strategy for Achieving Health for All
107
PHC Says Health is...
- fundamental right
- individual and collective responsibility
- equal opportunity concept
- essential part of socio-economic development
108
5 Primary Health Care Principals
1. Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
2. Accessibility
3. Public Participation
4. Appropriate Technology
5. Intersectoral Collaboration
109
Health Promotion and Illness Prevention Requires a Shift From...
```
From...
-disease based
-reactive
-downstream
To...
-capacity wellness
-proactive
-upstream
```
110
Accessibility Requires a Shift From...
```
From...
-physician gatekeeper
-fragmentation
-weak links
To...
-clients direct their own care
-choose access points
-integration
-interdisciplinary links
```
111
Barriers to Accessibility
- poverty/socioeconomic status
- cultural minorities
- geography/rural communities
- stigma
- lack of education or information
112
Public Participation Requires a Shift From...
From...
-expert perception and control
To...
-informed public participation and decision making
113
Appropriate Technology Requires a Shift From...
```
From...
-use of technology without appropriate assessment of cost and benefits
To...
-use of technology based on evidence
-low tech or alternative therapies
```
114
Barriers to Appropriate Technology
Canadians value expensive technology and quick fix cures
115
Intersectional Collaboration Requires a Shift From...
From...
-health care is the sole responsibility of health sector
To...
-integration with education justice, social services, and labor sectors
116
Intersectional Collaboration Barriers
- focus on autonomy
- lack of trust between professionals and agencies
- ambiguity of roles and responsibilities
- inadequate information systems
- lack of formal evaluation criteria
- Lack of incentives (financial) to participate
117
Primary Health vs Primary Care
```
Primary Health
-community focused
-promotion and prevention
-provided by wide variety of people
-self reliant
Primary Care
-first level of contact
-individual focused
-emphasis on cure
-professional dominance
```
118
AHS and Primary Health
- primary care initiatives
- model of compromise
- physician remains gatekeeper
