Pseduomonas + Burkholderia spp. Flashcards
What species of Psedudomonas is of major veterinary importance?
Pseduomonas aeruginosa
Where is Pseduomonas aeruginosa found?
worldwide - in the environment, on skin, mucous membrane and feces
T/F Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes opportunistic infections
TRUE
General Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
gram-neg rod
strict aerobe
oxidase pos
catalase pos
one or more polar flagella - motile
grape-like odor
produces pigments
What is the significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa being oxidase positive?
this allows us to differentiate pseudomonas from enterobacteriaceasae (which are oxidase neg)
What pigments are produced by P. aeruginosa?
pyocyanin - blue green (most common)
pyoverdin - green yellow
pyorubin - red
pyomelanin - brown black
Predisposing factors assocated with P. aeruginosa
immunosuppression
burn wounds
excessive antibiotic use
contaminated surgical instruments
coontaminated intramammary infusion (cow)
excessive fleece wetting (sheep)
ear mites/otitis externa (dogs)
dental disease (rabbits)
Virulence Factors of P. aeruginosa
pili
flagella
LPS
biofilm production
exotoxin A
proteases
type III secretion system
exoenzymes
rhamnolipid
phospholipiase C
sideorphores
What aids in the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa?
opportunistic
adherence and colonization (pili, fimbriase, biofilm, flagella)
resistance to complement mediated killing (pigments/siderophores)
virulence factors work to cause damage to tissue - disease
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in cows?
mastitis
metritis
pneumonia
dermatits
enteritis (calves)
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in sheep?
mastitis
fleece-rot
pneumonia
otitis media
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in pigs?
respiratory infections
otitis
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in horses?
genital tract infections
pneumonia
ulcerative keratitis
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in dogs and cats?
otitis externa
cystitis
oneumonia
ulcerative keratitis
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in minks?
hemorrhagic pneumonia
septicemia
What disease conditions are associated with P. aeruginosa infection in captive reptiles?
necrotic stomatitis
What is fleece-rot in sheep?
exudative dermatitis and wool damage
predisposes to fly strike
What causes fleece-rot in sheep?
P. aeruginosa
What specimens are used in the lab to diagnose P. aeruginosa?
pus
respiratory asapirates
mid-stream urine
mastitic milk
ear swabs
How does P. aeruginosa appear on culture?
growth on BA and MAC after 24-48 hours
fruity, grape-like odor
pyocyanin production
non-lactose fermenter: pale colonies on MAC
oxidase pos
How to diagnose P. aeruginosa?
history, culture, biochemical testing, PCR
How to treat P. aeruginosa
susceptibility testing due to innate resistance to many antibiotics
anti-pseduomonal penicillins
aminoglycosides
fluorquinolones
How to control/prevent P. aeruginosa?
vaccines for mink chinchillas
prevent predisposing factors
General Characteristics of Burkholderia spp.
gram-neg rods
obligate aerobes
oxidase pos
catalase pos
Where can we find Burkholderia mallei?
environment but doesn’t survice for more than 2 weeks
reservoir: infected equidae
Where can we find Burkholderia pseudomallei?
found in the soil
reservoir: wild rodents
What is the difference B. mallei and B. pseudomallei?
B. mallei is biochemically unreactive and non-motile, B. pseudomallei is biochemically activate and motile
What is the causative agent of Glanders in horses?
Burkholderia mallei
What species are susceptible to Burkholderia mallei?
mostly equine
carnivores
zoonotic
How is Glanders disease transmitted?
ingestion
less commonly via inhalation and skin abrasions
What areas of the world is Burkholderia mallei endemic to?
endemic foci in parts of China, Mongolia, pockets of India, Iraq, Turkey and the Philippines
Describe the clinical manifestations of Burkholderia mallei
nodules and ulcers in the respiratory tract a/o skin
acute septicemia
chronic disease: nasal form, pulmonary/respiratory form, cutaneous form (farcy)
What are the clinical signs seen with the acute septicemic form of Burkholderia mallei?
fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and respiratory signs - death usually occurs within a few weeks
Describe the clinical signs seen with the nasal form of Burkholderia mallei
ulcerative nodules
purulent, blood-stained nasal discharge
regional lymphadenopathy
ulcers leaving star-shaped scars
Describe the clincal signs seen with the pulmonary form of Burkholderia mallei
respiratory distress
tubercle-like lesions throughout the lungs
Describe the clinical signs seen in horses suffering from Farcy
lymphangitis along the limbs
ulcers with yellow pus
What are the virulence factors of Burkholderia mallei
capsule
type II and type IV secretory systems
quorum sensing
intracellular survival
cause hypersensitivity reactions
adhesions
fimbriae
How to diagnose Burkholderia mallei
sample: discharge from lesions
must be processed in a biohazard cabinet
MAC non-lactose fermenter
incubate for 2-3 days
supplement media w glycerol
PCR
CFT
ELISA
mallein intradermo-palpebral test
Describe the mallein intradermo-palpebral test
mallein: glycoprotein extract from B. mallei
inject intradermally below lower eyelid
pos reaction = local swelling and mucoplurulent ocular discharge after 24 hours
How to control Burkholderia mallei
test and slaughter policy
cleaning and disinfection of contaminated areas
What disease is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei?
melioidosis
Where is melioidosis commonly found?
endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of south-eastern Asia and Australia
What are the common habitats of Burkholderia pseudomallei?
soil and water
How is melioidosis transmitted?
ingestion, inhalation, skin contamination
opportunistic
infects many species (zoonotic)
What are the virulence factors of B. pseudomallei?
capsule
types III and IV secretion systems
exotoxins
dermonecrotic proteases
lecithinase
Clinical signs associated with melioidosis
abscesses in:
lungs
liver
spleen
joints
central nervous system
Diagnosis of B. pseudomallei
culture of pus from abscesses
processed in a biohazard cabinet
BA and MAC - lactose fermenter
incubate for 2-3 days
musty odor
motile and biochemically activate
PCR
CFT
ELISA
Control of B. pseudomallei
test and slaughter policy
treatment is expensive and unreliable
no vaccines
