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Obligate Intracellular Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of rickettsiales group

A

small, aerobic
obligate intracellular
gram neg

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2
Q

How do rickettsiales survive inside host cells?

A

infect immune cells
avoid destruction by lysosomes

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3
Q

How are rickettsiales bacteria transmitted?

A

vectors: ticks, fleas, flukes

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4
Q

Virulence and pathogenicity of rickettsiales

A

endotoxins
form immune complexes and trigger hypersensitivity reactions

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5
Q

E. canis host

A

dog, human, cat, primates

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6
Q

E. ewingii host

A

dog, human, white-tailed deer

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7
Q

E. ruminatium host

A

ruminants

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8
Q

E. canis host cell

A

monocytes, macriohages, lymphocytes

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9
Q

E. ewingii host cell

A

neutrophils

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10
Q

E. ruminantium host cell

A

vascular endothelial cells, neutrophils

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11
Q

E. canis reservoir host

A

mutiple
wild canids and primates

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12
Q

E. ewingii reservoir host

A

white-tailed deer

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13
Q

E. ruminantium reservoir host

A

wild and domest ruminants

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14
Q

Disease caused by E. canis

A

Canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis

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15
Q

Disease caused by e. ruminantium

A

heartwater

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16
Q

Disease caused by E. ewingii

A

Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis

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17
Q

Distribution of E. canis

A

World wide

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18
Q

Clinical forms of E. canis

A

acute
subclinical
chronic
can be seen in cats too

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19
Q

Clinical signs of acute E. canis

A

fever
anorexia
lymphadenopathy
bleeding
thrombocytopenia

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20
Q

Describe subclinical E. canis

A

PCR neg but bacteria are still present in low/undetectable levels

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21
Q

Clinical signs of chronic E. canis

A

severe thrombocytopenia
anemia
leucopenia
bone marrow hypoplasia

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22
Q

Diagnosis of E. canis

A

history of tick bite
clinical signs
epistaxis
thrombocytopenia
IFA
ELISA
PCR
culture and isolation
snap tests
blood stains

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23
Q

Treatment of E. canis

A

doxycycline for 4 weeks
transfusion

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24
Q

Prevention of E. canis

A

tick control

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25
Q

Clinical signs of E. ewingii

A

mild fever
arthitis
muscular stiffness

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26
Q

Diagnosis of E. ewingii

A

PCR
snap test

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27
Q

Treatment of E. ewingii

A

doxycycline

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28
Q

Prevention and control of E. ewingii

A

tick control
NO VACCINE

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29
Q

Causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever

A

rickettsia rickettsii

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30
Q

Where is rocky mountain spotted fever endemic?

A

USA, south america and mexico

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31
Q

How is rickettsia rickettsii transmitted?

A

ticks

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32
Q

Is rickettsia rickettsii zoonotic?

A

yes - infects dogs and humans

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33
Q

What is the target cell of R. rickettsii?

A

vascular endothelial cells

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34
Q

Reservoir for R. rickettsii

A

rodents and ticks

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35
Q

Where does R. rickettsii localize within the tick?

A

midgut, small intestine and ovaries

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36
Q

Where does R. rickettsii localize in mammals?

A

endothelial cells

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37
Q

What are the two forms of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs?

A

subclinical and acute

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38
Q

Clinical signs of acute rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs?

A

loss of appetite
fever
depression
edema
neurological signs
anemia
rash on the ear
petechiae on oral mucosa
testicular inflammation

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39
Q

Diagnosis of rocky mountain spotted fever

A

history, PE, clinical signs
IFA, IHC
PCR
culture - not routinely performed

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40
Q

Treatment and control of rocky mountain spotted fever

A

doxycycline given within 5 days of onset
tick prevention
NO vaccine

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41
Q

Causative agent of Q Fever

A

Coxiella burnetii

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42
Q

Hosts/reservoirs of Q fever

A

ruminants
zoonotic

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43
Q

Can coxiella burnetii be excreted from the host?

A

yes - excreted in milk, urine and feces

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44
Q

Clinical signs of Q fever

A

mostly subclinical
abortion
sever placentitis
malaise
anorexia

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45
Q

Treatment and control of Q fever

A

tetracyclines
supportive care
quarentine
proper management/sanitation
vaccination

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46
Q

What makes coxiella burentii a potential bioterrorism agent?

A

contains spore-like forms that are resistant to heat, drying and common disinfectants

47
Q

Diagnosis of Q fever

A

stain with Wright-Giemsa or modified Ziehl-Neelson
serology
PCR
culture

48
Q

Appearance of coxiella burnetii with modified Ziehl-Neelson stain

49
Q

How is neorickettsia transmitted?

A

WORMS not ticks
aka trematodes/flukes

50
Q

General characteristics of neorickettsia

A

gram neg
obligate intracellular
pleomorphic

51
Q

Distribution of neorickettsia

A

the Americas, Europe and Australia

52
Q

Disease caused by N. helminthoeca

A

Salmon-poisoning disease

53
Q

Disease caused N. risticii

A

Potomac horse fever

54
Q

What animals are affected by salmon poisoning disease

A

dogs, coyote, fox, bears

55
Q

What cells are targeted by N. helminthoeca

A

monocytes, macrophages, intestinal epithelium

56
Q

Hosts and intermediate hosts of N. helminthoeca

A

intermediate host 1: snail
intermediate host 2: fish
definitive host: canids

57
Q

Clinical signs of N. helminthoeca

A

fever
ocular discharge
vomiting
weight loss
bloody diarrhea
lymphadenopathy
death in 6-10 days if left undreated

58
Q

Diagnosis of slamon-poisoning disease

A

history, PE, clinical signs
trematode eggs in feces
IFA
PCR
culture (takes a long time)

59
Q

Treatment of salmon-poisoning disease

A

hospitalization
fluids, blood transfusion
doxycycline - to treat the bacteria
fenbendazole - to treat the worms

60
Q

Prevention of salmon-poisoning disease

A

no vaccine
prophylactic doxycycline
no raw/undercooked/smoked fish

61
Q

Target cell of N. risticii

A

monocyes, macrophages, intestinal epithelium

62
Q

Hosts and intermediate hosts of N. risticii

A

intermediate host 1: snails
intermediate host 2: insects
equine and bats = definitive host

63
Q

What is a differential for N. risticii (potomac horse fever)?

A

salmonella

64
Q

Clinical signs of potomac horse fever

A

fever
anorexia
depression
diarrhea
leucopenia
colic
increased digital pulses
laminitis
abortion
death

65
Q

Diagnosis of potomac horse fever

A

clinical signs, history, PE
response to tetracyclines
IFA
PCR
culture

66
Q

Treatment of potomac horse fever

A

tetracyclines
fluids, anti-inflammatorues,polymyxin B, supportive shoeing

67
Q

Prevention of potomac horse fever

A

vaccine - but vaccinated horses can still get PHF
detract insects

68
Q

General characteristics of Wolbachia spp

A

gram neg
pleomorphic
high strain variation
infects arthopods and filarial nematodes - obligate intrtacellular

69
Q

What bacterial pathogen is associated with heartworm disease?

A

Wolbachia (pipientis)
symobiotic relationship with heartworms

70
Q

How does Wolbachia cause infection in dogs infected with heartworm?

A

when adult worms or larvae die - wolbachia proteins are released
causing inflammation and antibody-antigen complexes

71
Q

Treatment for Wolbachia (associated with heartworm)

A

doxycycline - treats both bacteria and worms

72
Q

Prevention of Wolbachia

A

heartworm prevention

73
Q

What disease is caused by E. ruminantium?

A

Heartwater disease

74
Q

Where is E. ruminantium endemic to?

A

Africa and the Caribbean

75
Q

What is the target cell of E. ruminantium?

A

endothelial cells and neutrophils

76
Q

Target host of E. ruminantium

A

ruminants and wild animals

77
Q

Reservoir of E. ruminantium

78
Q

Clinical signs of Heartwater disease

A

edema of heart and lungs
hydropericardium, hydrothorax

peracute: convulsions, sudden death

acute: fever, anorexia, respiratory signs, dyspnea, chewing, twitching, tremors, circling, aggressive behavior, lateral recumbency, paddling, frothing at mouth- death within 1 week

subacute: prolonged fever, mild CNS signs, mild ataxia - animal either recovers or dies in 1-2 weeks

79
Q

Diagnosis of Heartwater Disease

A

necropsy, staining of brain tissue
ELISA
IFA
PCR

80
Q

Treatment of Heartwater disease

A

tetracyclines

81
Q

Prevention and control of heartwater disease

A

vaccination in endemic areas
tick control

82
Q

General characteristics of anaplasma spp

A

gram neg
pleomorphic
form morulae
multiple species and high strain variation

83
Q

Vector for anaplasma spp

84
Q

Reservoir for A. phagocytophilum

A

white-footed mouse, small mammals, deer

85
Q

Reservoir for A. platys

A

ticks, wild canids

86
Q

Reservoir for A. marginale

A

carrier animals in the herd
wild mammals

87
Q

Target cell for A. phagocytophilum

A

neutrophils

88
Q

Target cell for A. platys

89
Q

Target cell for A. marginale

A

erythrocytes

90
Q

Where is A. phagocytophilum endemic?

A

America, Europe, Asia

91
Q

Where is A. platys endemic?

A

Americas, Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Australia

92
Q

Where is A. marginale endemic?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

93
Q

What disease is caused by A. phagocytiphilum?

A

granulocytic anaplasmoses

94
Q

Host for A. phagocytoplilum

A

horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, goats, deet, rabbits, rats, snakes, humans
very wide host range

95
Q

Clinical signs of A. phagocytophilum in horses

A

fever, depression, limb edema, ataxia, jaundice, petechial hemorrhages, leukopenia
recovery in 2-3 weeks

96
Q

Clinical signs of A. phagocytophilum in dogs

A

can be sub-clinical/chronic in older dogs: occasional polyarthritis, morulae in neutrophils
fever
anorexia
lethargy
immune suppression
mild thrombovytopenia

97
Q

Treatment of A. phagocytophilum

A

tetracyclines

98
Q

Diagnosis of A. phagocytophilum

A

PCR
culture (human cell line)
IFA
ELISA
SNAP test - dogs

99
Q

What are some concers when serologically testing for anaplasma spp?

A

may cross-react with other species of anaplasma

100
Q

Prevention of A. phagocytophilum

A

tick prevention
no vaccine

101
Q

What disease is caused by A. platys?

A

Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia

102
Q

Clinical signs of A. platys

A

typically asymptomatic
fever
depression
anorexia
cyclic thrombocytopenia (10-14 day cycles)

103
Q

Diagnosis of A. platys

A

PCR
blood smears
serology
cannot culture

104
Q

Concerns when using blood smears to diagnose A. platys

A

may be false neagtives due to cyclic nature of the disease

105
Q

Treatment of A. platys

A

doxycycline
supportive care

106
Q

Prevention of A. platys

A

tick prevention
NO vaccine

107
Q

What disease is caused by A. marginale?

A

Bovine anaplasmosis aka Gall sickness

108
Q

What other mode of transmission can a ruminant contract A. platys from besides tick vectors?

A

iatrogenic infection
and maybe even lice

109
Q

Clinical signs of A. platys

A

fever
weakness
depression
dyspnea
jaundice
brown urine - not hemoglobinuria
macrocytic anemia
post mortem: splenomegaly

110
Q

Does age affect susceptibility to A. platys?

A

yes
calves are more resistant
cattle over 2 years old can develop a fatal disease
cattle that recover = carriers

111
Q

Diagnosis of A. platys

A

blood smears
post mortem smears of lung, liver, kindey and spleen
card agglutination
ELISA
complement fixation
PCR
blood inoculation into splenectomized calf
culure is not usually done

112
Q

Treatment of A. platys

A

tetracyclines and imidocarb
blood transfusion

113
Q

Prevention of A. platys

A

tick control
vaccine in endemic regions - not in USA

Bacteriology (26 decks)

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