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Bacteriology > Actinobacillus spp. > Flashcards

Actinobacillus spp. Flashcards

1
Q

Which species of Actinobacillus are of major veterinary importance?

A

A. lignieresii
A. pleuropneumoniae
A. equuli
A. suis
A. seminis

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2
Q

General characteristics of Actinobacillus spp.

A

gram neg
pleomorphic
facultative anaerobes
non-motile
oxidase pos, urease pos
BA and MAC lactose fermenting - some exceptions

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3
Q

Habitat of Actinobacillus spp.

A

host specific
mainly pathogens of farm animals
commensals on mucous membranes
cannot survive for a long time in the environment

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4
Q

What bacteria causes wooden tongue in cattle?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

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5
Q

What other species can wooden tongue occur in?

A

sheep, horses, pigs, dogs

note: rare in chickens

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6
Q

A. lignieresii is a ___ of the oral cavity and intestinal tract

A

commensal

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7
Q

How long can A. lignieresii survive for in the environment?

A

up to 5 days in hay and straw`

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8
Q

How does A. lignieresii enter the body to cause infection?

A

enters through erosions or lacerations in the mucosa or skin

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9
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of A. lignieresii

A

infect soft tissues and cause cellulitis
develop into abscesses with thick yellow-white pus
spread via lymphatics

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10
Q

Clinical signs of wooden tongue

A

firm, localized swellings (granulomas) - especially of the tongue
pain, difficulty eating, drooling, tongue protrusion

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11
Q

Diagnosis of wooden tongue

A

microscopy of pus or exudate: reveal granules, 10% KOH, crush granules - club shaped structures surround bacteria
confirm diagnosis: culture and biopsy of lesion

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12
Q

Differential diagnosis - wooden tongue caused by A. lignieresii

A

lumpy jaw caused by Actinomyces bovis
neoplasia

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13
Q

Treatment of wooden tongue

A

systemic antibiotics
sodium iodine (parenterally) - ruminants
potassium iodide (orally)

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14
Q

How to prevent wooden tongue

A

good quality feeds
avoid coarse feeds
proper pasture management
isolate animals with discharging lesions

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15
Q

What is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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16
Q

Is A. pleuropneumoniae host specific?

A

yes - for swine

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17
Q

Describe porcine pleuropneumonia

A

severe contagious respiratory disease seen worldwide
primarily in young pigs under 6 months old
sudden onset, short course, high morbidity and mortality

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18
Q

How many serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae are there?

A

15 serotypes
vary in virulence and significance

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19
Q

How is A. pleuropneumoniae transmitted?

A

close contact with nasal secretions
opportunistic
gain entry via broken skin
can be spread via fomites

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20
Q

A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors

A

capsule
adehesins and fimbriae
iron acquisition factors
cytotoxins and proteases
4 RTX toxins

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21
Q

Disease conditions associated with acute porcine pleuropneumoniae

A

sudden deaths, high morbitity and mortality
fever
respiratory distress
pneumonia, pleurisy, lungs congested and hemorrhage
blood stained frosth from nostrils or oral cavity

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22
Q

Disease conditions associated with chronic procine pleuropneumonia

A

chronic cough due to lung lesions
retarded growth

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23
Q

Diagnosis of porcine pleuropneumonia

A

serologic tests: complement fixation and ELISA
culture and isolation: requires factor V (NAD) for growth
PCR

24
Q

Does A. pleuropneumoniae grow on MAC?

A

NO - requires factor V from lysed RBC to grow

25
Q

What agar does A. pleuropneumoniae grow on?

A

blood agar pre streaked with S. aureus to provide factor V
chocolate agar

26
Q

Is CAMP testing used to identify A. pleuropneumoniae?

A

yes - CAMP test positive

27
Q

Treatment of porcine pleuropneumoniae

A

antibiotic treatment is difficult
need immediate parenteral antibiotic tx: ceftiofut, tilmicosin, tetracyclines, synthetic penicillins, tylosin, sulfonamides
followed by oral antibiotic treatment

28
Q

Prevention of porcine pleuropneumoniae

A

good husbandry
improved ventilation
proper stocking density
polyvalent bacterins
subunit vaccines containing toxoids and capsular antigen

29
Q

What diseases are caused by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. equuli

A

sleepy foal disease (septicemia)
joint ill in horses (purulent arthritis)
septicemia in pigs

30
Q

What diseases are caused by Actinobacillus equuli subsp. haemolyticus

A

metritis, abortion, pneumonia, meningitis (in horses)

31
Q

Describe sleepy foal disease

A

acute, potentially fatal septicemia in newborn foals
found in the reproductive and intestinal tracts of mares - infecting foals in utero or after birth

32
Q

Predisposing factors of sleepy foal disease

A

failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies
poor sanitation, co-infections

33
Q

Pathogenesis of A. equuli

A

exotoxins lyse erythrocytes and lymphocytes
death in 1-2 days

34
Q

Is it possible for foals to survive and recover from A. equuli infections?

A

yes - develop microabscesses, polyarthritis, nephritis, enteritis, pneumonia

35
Q

What is observed postmortem on foals that died from sleepy foal disease?

A

petechiation on serosal surfaces
enteritis

36
Q

Viruelnce factors of A. equuli subsp. haemolyticus

A

RTX toxin

37
Q

Diagnosis of A. equuli

A

culture and isolation
sticky colonies on BA
lactose fermenting colonies on MAC
live foals: collect blood
dead foals: fresh biopsies or charcoal swabs from kindeys and lungs
adult horses: primary target organ of disease syndrome

PCR

38
Q

Treament of A. equuli

A

gentamicin, chloramphenicol, 3rd gen cephalosporins
supportive care: blood tranfusions and bottle feeding w colostrum

39
Q

Prevention and control of A. equuli

A

sanitation and hygeine during foaling
apply antiseptic to umbilicus
remove expelled placenta and soiled bedding soon after foaling
NO vaccines

40
Q

What animals does Actinobacillus suis typically effect?

A

mainly piglets less than 3 months of age
can infect pigs of all ages

41
Q

What disease is caused by A. suis

A

pleuropneumonia

42
Q

How is disease caused by A. suis characterized?

A

septicemia
enteritis
meningitis
metritis
abortion
rapid death

43
Q

Clinical signs of A. suis in piglets

A

fever, respiratory distress, prostration and paddling of the forelimbs
petechial and ecchymotic hemorrages in many organs
interstitial pneumonia, pleuritis, arthritis, meningioencephalitis, myocarditis

mortality rate may be up to 50%

44
Q

Clinical signs of A. suis in older pigs

A

like those in poglets
lethargy, depression, anorexia
abortion
myocarditis
skin lesions

45
Q

Differential diagnosis A. suis in older pigs

A

rule out S. suis, erysipelas, salmonella

46
Q

Diagnosis of A. suis

A

postmortem specimen
cultured on BA and MAC for 24-72 hours
BA : sticky, hemolytic colonies
MAC : pink, lactose fermenting colonies
biochemical testine
definitive diagnosis: 16s rRNA sequencing

47
Q

Treatment of A. suis

A

susceptibility testing: ampicillin, carbenicillin, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines

48
Q

Control and prevention of A. suis

A

disinfection
NO vaccines

49
Q

Actinobacillus seminis causes what disease?

A

epididymitis in young rams

50
Q

Where is A. seminis endemic

A

New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, USA, UK

51
Q

Is A. seminis part of the normal flora?

A

yes - found in the prepuce
ewe may be an intermediate carrier

52
Q

Disease conditions associated with A. seminis

A

spermatic granulomas
abscesses form in epididymidis
purulent discharge on the scrotal skin

53
Q

At what age are rams most affected by A. seminis infections?

A

rams 4-8 months of age

54
Q

Diagnosis of A. seminis

A

pus, biopsy material
culture on BA and MAC for 24-72 hours
BA : small, pin-point, non-hemolytic colonies
NO growth on MAC
catalase pos
unreactive on many biochemical tests
PCR
CFT
ELISA

55
Q

Treatment and control of A. seminis

A

NO vaccine
recovered rams show reeduced fertilitiy
prophylactic antibiotics

Bacteriology (26 decks)

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