Provenance Flashcards
AMBASSADORS
Diplomatic role so will be usually communicative and accurate (purpose = to report)
Will be focused on the recipients’ concerns
Spend time in court
Some work closely with the monarch of the country they are sent to (Renard)
IMPERIAL AMBASSADORS – E.G. FRANCOIS VAN DER DELFT
Their job is to embody the monarch they’re representing
They can offer advice
Francois van der Delft told Mary to run away from England when her brother was in power as he was sympathetic to Catholics. He often represented England to Charles VI.
French Ambassador – François de Noailles
Ambassador during Mary’s reign
Was a rival of Renard
pro-Huguenot - Calvinist protestant tradition
France is in Auld Alliance w Scotland
France nervous about Anglo-Spanish alliance (war with Habsburg Empire)
Spanish Ambassador – Simon Renard
Started as ambassador when Ed was dying
Close trusted advisor to Mary and viewed as a valuable intelligence tool by Charles V because of this
Negotiated Marriage Treaty
Spain = nervous Mary will die with no heir leaving England to be ruled by MQOS (French ally)
Philip, Pope Julius, Charles and Renard all told Mary not to convert back to Catholicism too fast
Venetian Ambassadors – e.g. Mateo Dandolo
Main purpose was to communicate the status of the Reformation to Venice
Also communicated word from the Pope
Will be concerned about status of Catholicism in England
COMMONWEALTH MEN
Term given to a group of influential and outspoken Protestant reformers
Worked in many jobs e.g. religious/political/economic.
John Hales was one – he was a cleric as well as doing the Commission
Thomas Becon (also in orange book) was one – he was a cleric
Often v outspoken over enclosure and economic issues
LOCATIONS
Devon/Cornwall – Catholic 99% Protestant 1%
Bodmin – in Cornwall, William Body
Wymondham/East Anglia/Norfolk/Norwich – Protestant majorities. Kett’s Rebellion. Anti Duke of Northumberland. Mary spent time under house arrest in Kenninghall which is in this region.
Colchester/Essex/London/Oxford/Cambridge – Centers of Protestant activity. Burnings more common here. Biggest burning was 13 people at once in Bow (East London) in 1556 – 20,000 attendees
Suffolk – 27% Protestant under Edward
Kent – 8% Protestant under Edward
York – 2% Protestant
Oxford and Cambridge – mix. Chalices appear after Mary becomes Queen. However lots of religious opposition due to universities e.g. Oxford Martyrs
JOHN PROCTOR
Contemporary who wrote reports to the government
Famous Catholic historian and headmaster
NICHOLAS THROCKMORTON
Uncle of Francis Throckmorton (Throckmorton Plot) it was not him
Protestant
Diplomat and politician under Edward VI and Mary. Also knew Katherine Parr
Under Edward: Was knighted for Battle of Pinkie Clough. Distanced himself from Somerset after Coup. Part of Northumberland’s inner circle and close relationship with Edward
Under Mary: Supported Mary in Succession Crisis. Was put on trial and found innocent for Wyatt’s rebellion.
GENTRY IN THE REBELLIONS
Both rebellions have an aspect of targeting the gentry.
Western = Kill Hellyons. “Kill the Gentlemen”.
Kett’s = Kill Lord Sheffield. Initially targeted Flowerdew over enclosure. Looted Norwich as 6% owned 60% of wealth.
Gentry = rising middle class. Not got titles (e.g. Duke) but do have money. MP, landlord, merchant etc.
WRIOTHESLEY’S CHRONICLE
NOT THE SAME AS WRIOTHESLEY FROM THE COUP
Was an officer of arms in London
Lived under Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I
The purpose of his Chronicle was to document the changes to England under all the Tudor monarchs
GRAFTON’S CHRONICLE
Richard Grafton = radical Protestant
Printed English Bibles illegally under Henry VIII
Became King’s Printer for Edward VI and Queen’s Printer to LJG before losing job and being imprisoned by Mary
In prison he wrote his Chronicle to document random stuff about England (even the 30 days hath September rhyme)
EDWARD’S CHRONICLE (journal)
NOTE: Wrote in it everyday and refers to himself as ‘he’ in it (writes in 3rd person)
When he is younger it should be kept in mind Edward’s experiences and knowledge are controlled by his surroundings (Somerset)
Anything 15 Sept – 14 Oct Edward is basically writing whilst kidnapped by Somerset
Northumberland lets Edward sit in PC meetings from August 1551 so he knows more from this date
PAGET
Collaborated with Somerset to help him gain power. Helped get Ed in Somerset’s custody before finding out Henry was dead
Any sources 1547-1549: likes Somerset
Any sources 1549: on the anti-Somerset faction
Part of Mary’s Privy Council as denounced the LJG Plot. Didn’t like burnings. Didn’t like Pole.
CARDINAL POLE
Mary’s closest ally and friend on PC
Radical Catholic who supports fast change and burnings
Dies 12 hours after Mary
ACTS OF PARLIAMENT/LETTERS FROM PC/ETC
Letters from PC before 19th July in Succession Crisis: support the Crisis, no threat. However 102 were forced to sign Devise under duress
Acts of Parliament: official and suggest unity, for example suggest Marriage Treaty popular. However some, the nature of them shows another issue. E.g. the need for a marriage treaty because she was a woman shows there is an issue.
Proclamations: don’t come from Parliament, come from the Protector. Somerset issues 77 in a couple of years. Average is 6 per year.
PURITANS ABROAD / MARIAN EXILES
Calvin (Puritan)
Bullinger (Puritan)
Foxe (under Mary) (Exile)
Knox (Scotland) (Puritan)
John Jewel (under Mary) (Exile)
Grindal (under Mary) (Exile)
Rose Hickman (under Mary) (Exile)
JOHN FOXE
Protestant. Was a Marian Exile.
Wrote Actes and Monuments (also called the Book of Martyrs)
First published in April 20th 1563 (under Elizabeth). One copy placed in every Church in England under Liz by 1572.
Largest publishing project in English history at the time. Made Foxe famous. Could buy for 3 weeks wages (10 shillings)
Purpose was to document the ‘martyrdom’ of Protestants persecuted for heresy. Document Bow burnings, Oxford Martyrs, Rawlins White, John Rogers, many more.
Based off testimony, much of it anonymous.
JOHN KNOX
Scottish Puritan
Travelled to Geneva to meet John Calvin
Opposed Mary Tudor’s rule but not Elizabeth (because of religion)
1558 - Wrote First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
Used religion to criticize female rule. Also believed women couldn’t lead as none of the disciples were women.
