Russia war Flashcards
Crimean war dates
July 1853 – Russian troops to Moldova
October 1853 – turkey declares war
Falure of russia humailting
450000 Russians died, 1 in 5 of diesease
Treaty of Pairs
March 30th 1586
– loose claim of protector of prinucpalities
Political / social impact crimea
3rd march 1861 - emancipation of serfs
1st jan 1864 -Zemvsta act
1st jan 1865 - censorship act, 1836 books
20th november 1865 - Judicial reforms, over 500 new courts
April 23rd 1863 - education act
Economic impact crimea
194 miles were opened in 1862, by 1878 13979 miles were opened
Foreign businessmen are encouraged to invest in Russia. The government promises to bail out any investments that fail.
J.J. Hughes establishes New Russian, Coal, Iron and Railmaking Company.
Ludwig Loop, from Manchester, establishes the textile industry in Russia, 154 factories.
The Russian economy was growing at 6% per year under Reutern
Russo turkish war dates
Slavonic benevolent committee has over 1000 members
1875 – bosnia and herzegovonia rebell agianst ottomans
1876 –bulgaria joins
Autum 1876 – serbs loosing, russia threatens ivasion, 6 week truce
1877 Alex 11 declares war
Treaty stan stefano
March 3, 1878
Includes control of bulgaria/ turkish indemnites
Congress of berlin
13th june 1878
-austria and britan have more terretorial rights
-britan takes administartion of cyprus
Many see concessions as loss russian status
Underlying cause of alex 11s assasination
Economic impact russo turkish
Black Sea Access: The wars allowed Russia to secure access to warm-water ports on the Black Sea, which was crucial for trade and military strategy.
Caucasus Region: Russia’s expansion into this region solidified its influence over territories that are now part of modern-day Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.
Balkan Influence: The wars facilitated Russian influence in the Balkans, leading to increased autonomy or independence for various Balkan states such as Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria.
Political impact russo turkish
Peoples will oppose war
- 5 attempts on life
-3rd march 1880 winter palace bombed and 11 killed
13th march 1880 - Alex 11 killed
Russo japanese war dates
February 8, 1904 – Attack on Port Arthur: Japan launches a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur (modern-day Lushun, China), marking the start of the war.
February 10, 1904 – Declaration of War: Japan formally declares war on Russia, following the attack on Port Arthur.
May 27 1905 – Battle of Tsushima: A decisive naval battle in which the Japanese fleet decisively defeats the Russian fleet, effectively eliminating Russia’s naval presence in the Pacific.
Treaty portsmouth
September 5th 1905
Russia recognizes Japan’s territorial gains, including Korea and parts of Manchuria.
Political impact russo japanese
22nd jan 1905 -bloody sunday
100 killed
240000 strike at putilov artillery factory
Febuary 17th 1905 - Archuduke sergei killed
-More left wing SRs formed
17th october 1905 - october manifesto
Soical impact russo japanese
There were 537 executions in 1909 compared to 23 in 1903.
A rise in political violence. Around 3000 political murders between 1905-1907 including the Tsar’s uncle, Sergi on feb 17th 1905
.
By 1917, there were approximately 100,000 political prisoners in Russia
WW1 dates
Linked to balkalnd question – people aniticpate break up of the ottoman empire and want influence upon it
Complicates by balkland wars 1912-13, 1st successful against turkey, the 2nd is tension between coutnries
Bulguria looses, reflects poorly upon russia
June 1914 – arhcduke franz ferdinand (the heir to austria ) assasinated by serbian terrorist group
-july Austria declare war upon serbia
-russia issued an mobisilation order
ww1 views
Optimist view – without war tsarist regime would have continued, overcoming problems
Pessimistic view – sees war to be inevitable for the most part. Would have been revolution due to growing dissatisfaction
ww1 military faliure
-defeats at Tinneberg and masurium lakes
-low morale as poor stratergy by general samsonov
-causalities 8 million, 1.7miilion die, 2.4 million captured
- is an shell crisis, limited production
Financial impact ww1
-costs 3 billion roubles
-1.5 billion government expenditure
- prices of food up 400% by 1917
-bread rations fall by 35% in first 3 months of 1916
Political impact ww1
Leads pressure to abdiccate march the 17th of 1917
Replaced by unelected provisional government
Contniue war to hope for modernisation of indursty
Fails – kerensky offensive,
40,000 killed, 42,726 deserters – Loss of morale, last russain attack 18th june-6th of july
October 24th 1917 – Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd
November 2nd - seize power in Moscow
January 1918- Bolsheviks shut down the constituent assembly after one day, rule on behalf of the people
Feburary revolution dates
-30th decmber 1916 rasputin murdered
-Womens day prtetsts 23rd febuary
24th – joined by sutdents and worker s
2nd march 1917 – tsar abdicates after government preassure
Popular expectation wants a demorcatic russian state
July Days
July 3rd - krondstant sailors mutiny
3-6th riots - 700 killed and 1000 bolshevks arrested
Kerensky offensive - June 18th-july 6th
Kornilov affiar 10th -13th september 1917
Political Conuquences 1917 revolution
Some estimates indicate that around 200,000 to 300,000 individuals were executed
By the early 1920s, it is estimated that there were about 50,000 inmates in gulag camps by 1921.
10% of the SR leadership was executed,
90% of pre-revolutionary newspapers had been closed.
Economic consuquences 1917 revolution
By 1920, industrial production had fallen to about 20% of pre-war levels.
Agricultural production also plummeted; grain harvests fell from 80 million tons in 1913 to just 37 million tons in 1921, contributing to widespread famine.
13 million people died prematurely- 10% of the population
Control 300 000 business by 1920, lack of suffienct funding
Inflation: The value of the rouble fell 230 times between 1917 and 1919.
Production: Industrial output fell to 20% of 1913 levels by 1921.
Social impact 1917
Famine: A famine caused between 3 and 10 million deaths due to food requisitioning, drought, and the effects of war
Wages: Real wages for urban workers fell by about two-thirds 2/3rds in three years.
Tambovs rebellion
Foreign consuqence civil war
Losse russo polish war
100000 invaded
have to concede land ukraine/ belarus
Treaty of Riga
18 March 1921 – The treaty of Riga
-forced to concede terriority in Ukraine and Belarus
-see ends conflcit, humaliation as polish army is on paper vastly inferior
-minimises foreign policys focus on ‘world revolution’
See importsnce merely on sustaining revolution in russia
Political impact civil war
– need for centralized rule
-eg) trotoksy controlled army to success
-vs how whites had different leaders eg) Admiral kolchak despite no figure of tsar
-need for teror to control – 28000 plus killed a year
See red army conscription continued -. The Red Army’s numbers grew from 800,000 in 1918 to over three million by 1920
The NKVD replaced the Cheka in 1922. - have total authority – kill 20000-40000 a year
See how some instability eg) Zinoviev against nep
Influences ban on factionalism March 16th 1921 – exiled if oppose party desicisoins
Enables total autocracy that protects power
Ban on factionalism
March 16th 1921
Economic impact civil war
Control 300 000 business by 1920, lack of suffienct funding
Inflation: The value of the rouble fell 230 times between 1917 and 1919.
Production: Industrial output fell to 20% of 1913 levels by 1921.
Food production: The grain harvest fell from 80 million tons in 1913 to 37 million tons in 1920.
Coal production: Coal production fell from 27 million tons in 1913 to 7 million tons in 1920.
Tambovs rebellion
Tambov’s rebellion – 1920-21, 500 km from Moscow
At its height, the rebellion had at least 50,000 armed peasants, many of whom were deserters from the Red Army.
The Red Army killed or executed more than 240,000 men, women, and children during the rebellion.
Around 100,000 peasant rebels and their families were imprisoned or deported.
Ww2 dates
13th march 1938 – Anaholoss of austria – union/alliance
Challenges russian secucirty
Muncih peace cofnrence 1938 – britan/france fail to limit naxi invasion of chexclovakia
Shows they are unreliable allys
August 1938 – nazi soviet non aggression pact
Short term
Tensions in poland – nazis invade 1st september
-unpopular soviet influence eg) katynn forest war crimes as aim to assert control
22nd june 1941 – operation barbabrosa
ww2 gov impact
Little impact on gov structure
Stalin chariman of state defence comittee/supreme millitary commnder
Takes advice from adivosrs succesfully
Politburo consitia of pro stalin leaders eg) Molotov and Krushcev
Party control ww2
Party membership increase – 3.7mill 1941 to 5.8mill 1945
-caused by rise in millitary subsription /pro russian prorpganda
-imagery almsot nationalsitic, more churhs re open – put morale above ideology
Purges established control
By 1941, it is estimated that around 30% of senior military officers had been executed or imprisoned.
Kill 89/103 milllitary admirals
Repression ww2
-violent to balklands and cheknens
- 3 million checnens deported
Leningrad affair – 200 supporters of powerful Leningrad party killed
- 8.7 million military personnel were lost.
- over 15 million civilians.
Economic impact ww2
Lend lease act takes 7million from usa
4 million POw used
The Fourth Five Year Plan was a reconstruction program. The aim was to get the Soviet economy at the levels it was at before the war.
The Volga-Don Canal was a public works scheme that failed.
Collective farms suffered labour shortages, which led to a famine in 1947.
Cold war political
-minimal impact – see how politburo keeps its centralized control over soviets
See some changes on stalins death in march 1953
-no introduction of new democracy /assembly
- some ideological change with destalinization – This involved denouncing Stalin’s excesses during a secret speech at the 20th Party Congress in February 25th of 1956
Social impact cold war
Some liberalization in de Stalinization
Still repressive – look to Hungary 1956 – where 3000 killed
At its peak in the early 1950s, it is estimated that around 2.5 million people were held in Gulags – decrease to 110000
Still violent but less due to wests pressures
954 alone, about 20,000 executions were reported compared to hundreds of thousands annually during the Great Purge (1936-1938).
social Economic impact ww2
-over 1 in 77 have a fridge /1 in 100 washing machine
-abortion/birth control allowed 1955 – cold wars preassure to modernize/look to consumerism
Finanical impact cold war
8-9 trillion dollars over the duration of the conflict
Struugle to fund space/arms race
-military expenditures accounted for approximately 25% to 30% of the Soviet GDP
-1961 tsar bomba developments cost 60million
industrial output grew by about 8% annually on average. However, this growth came at the expense of light industry and agriculture, which struggled to meet domestic needs.
- The Virgin Lands Campaign initiated in 1954 aimed to increase agricultural output by cultivating previously unused lands in Kazakhstan -165 million acres, costs over 44 billion rubles, or 20 % of total Soviet expenditure
-aims to show modern ideology – fails in outcomes – 140mil tone 1862 , 102mil 1963, dries up aral sea
