Russia war

Question 1

Crimean war dates

Answer 1

July 1853 – Russian troops to Moldova

October 1853 – turkey declares war

Falure of russia humailting

450000 Russians died, 1 in 5 of diesease

Question 2

Treaty of Pairs

Answer 2

March 30th 1586
– loose claim of protector of prinucpalities

Question 3

Political / social impact crimea

Answer 3

3rd march 1861 - emancipation of serfs
1st jan 1864 -Zemvsta act
1st jan 1865 - censorship act, 1836 books
20th november 1865 - Judicial reforms, over 500 new courts
April 23rd 1863 - education act

Question 4

Economic impact crimea

Answer 4

194 miles were opened in 1862, by 1878 13979 miles were opened

Foreign businessmen are encouraged to invest in Russia. The government promises to bail out any investments that fail.

J.J. Hughes establishes New Russian, Coal, Iron and Railmaking Company.

Ludwig Loop, from Manchester, establishes the textile industry in Russia, 154 factories.

The Russian economy was growing at 6% per year under Reutern

Question 5

Russo turkish war dates

Answer 5

Slavonic benevolent committee has over 1000 members

1875 – bosnia and herzegovonia rebell agianst ottomans

1876 –bulgaria joins

Autum 1876 – serbs loosing, russia threatens ivasion, 6 week truce

1877 Alex 11 declares war

Question 6

Treaty stan stefano

Answer 6

March 3, 1878
Includes control of bulgaria/ turkish indemnites

Question 7

Congress of berlin

Answer 7

13th june 1878

-austria and britan have more terretorial rights

-britan takes administartion of cyprus

Many see concessions as loss russian status

Underlying cause of alex 11s assasination

Question 8

Economic impact russo turkish

Answer 8

Black Sea Access: The wars allowed Russia to secure access to warm-water ports on the Black Sea, which was crucial for trade and military strategy.

Caucasus Region: Russia’s expansion into this region solidified its influence over territories that are now part of modern-day Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

Balkan Influence: The wars facilitated Russian influence in the Balkans, leading to increased autonomy or independence for various Balkan states such as Romania, Serbia, and Bulgaria.

Question 9

Political impact russo turkish

Answer 9

Peoples will oppose war
- 5 attempts on life
-3rd march 1880 winter palace bombed and 11 killed
13th march 1880 - Alex 11 killed

Question 10

Russo japanese war dates

Answer 10

February 8, 1904 – Attack on Port Arthur: Japan launches a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur (modern-day Lushun, China), marking the start of the war.

February 10, 1904 – Declaration of War: Japan formally declares war on Russia, following the attack on Port Arthur.

May 27 1905 – Battle of Tsushima: A decisive naval battle in which the Japanese fleet decisively defeats the Russian fleet, effectively eliminating Russia’s naval presence in the Pacific.

Question 11

Treaty portsmouth

Answer 11

September 5th 1905

Russia recognizes Japan’s territorial gains, including Korea and parts of Manchuria.

Question 12

Political impact russo japanese

Answer 12

22nd jan 1905 -bloody sunday
100 killed
240000 strike at putilov artillery factory
Febuary 17th 1905 - Archuduke sergei killed
-More left wing SRs formed

17th october 1905 - october manifesto

Question 13

Soical impact russo japanese

Answer 13

There were 537 executions in 1909 compared to 23 in 1903.

A rise in political violence. Around 3000 political murders between 1905-1907 including the Tsar’s uncle, Sergi on feb 17th 1905

.

By 1917, there were approximately 100,000 political prisoners in Russia

Question 14

WW1 dates

Answer 14

Linked to balkalnd question – people aniticpate break up of the ottoman empire and want influence upon it

Complicates by balkland wars 1912-13, 1st successful against turkey, the 2nd is tension between coutnries

Bulguria looses, reflects poorly upon russia

June 1914 – arhcduke franz ferdinand (the heir to austria ) assasinated by serbian terrorist group

-july Austria declare war upon serbia

-russia issued an mobisilation order

Question 15

ww1 views

Answer 15

Optimist view – without war tsarist regime would have continued, overcoming problems

Pessimistic view – sees war to be inevitable for the most part. Would have been revolution due to growing dissatisfaction

Question 16

ww1 military faliure

Answer 16

-defeats at Tinneberg and masurium lakes

-low morale as poor stratergy by general samsonov

-causalities 8 million, 1.7miilion die, 2.4 million captured

• is an shell crisis, limited production

Question 17

Financial impact ww1

Answer 17

-costs 3 billion roubles

-1.5 billion government expenditure

• prices of food up 400% by 1917

-bread rations fall by 35% in first 3 months of 1916

Question 18

Political impact ww1

Answer 18

Leads pressure to abdiccate march the 17th of 1917

Replaced by unelected provisional government

Contniue war to hope for modernisation of indursty

Fails – kerensky offensive,

40,000 killed, 42,726 deserters – Loss of morale, last russain attack 18th june-6th of july

October 24th 1917 – Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd

November 2nd - seize power in Moscow

January 1918- Bolsheviks shut down the constituent assembly after one day, rule on behalf of the people

Question 19

Feburary revolution dates

Answer 19

-30th decmber 1916 rasputin murdered

-Womens day prtetsts 23rd febuary

24th – joined by sutdents and worker s

2nd march 1917 – tsar abdicates after government preassure

Popular expectation wants a demorcatic russian state

Question 20

July Days

Answer 20

July 3rd - krondstant sailors mutiny
3-6th riots - 700 killed and 1000 bolshevks arrested
Kerensky offensive - June 18th-july 6th
Kornilov affiar 10th -13th september 1917

Question 21

Political Conuquences 1917 revolution

Answer 21

Some estimates indicate that around 200,000 to 300,000 individuals were executed

By the early 1920s, it is estimated that there were about 50,000 inmates in gulag camps by 1921.

10% of the SR leadership was executed,

90% of pre-revolutionary newspapers had been closed.

Question 22

Economic consuquences 1917 revolution

Answer 22

By 1920, industrial production had fallen to about 20% of pre-war levels.

Agricultural production also plummeted; grain harvests fell from 80 million tons in 1913 to just 37 million tons in 1921, contributing to widespread famine.

13 million people died prematurely- 10% of the population

Control 300 000 business by 1920, lack of suffienct funding

Inflation: The value of the rouble fell 230 times between 1917 and 1919.

Production: Industrial output fell to 20% of 1913 levels by 1921.

Question 23

Social impact 1917

Answer 23

Famine: A famine caused between 3 and 10 million deaths due to food requisitioning, drought, and the effects of war

Wages: Real wages for urban workers fell by about two-thirds 2/3rds in three years.

Tambovs rebellion

Question 24

Foreign consuqence civil war

Answer 24

Losse russo polish war
100000 invaded
have to concede land ukraine/ belarus

Question 25

Treaty of Riga

Answer 25

18 March 1921 – The treaty of Riga

-forced to concede terriority in Ukraine and Belarus

-see ends conflcit, humaliation as polish army is on paper vastly inferior

-minimises foreign policys focus on ‘world revolution’

See importsnce merely on sustaining revolution in russia

Question 26

Political impact civil war

Answer 26

– need for centralized rule

-eg) trotoksy controlled army to success

-vs how whites had different leaders eg) Admiral kolchak despite no figure of tsar

-need for teror to control – 28000 plus killed a year

See red army conscription continued -. The Red Army’s numbers grew from 800,000 in 1918 to over three million by 1920

The NKVD replaced the Cheka in 1922. - have total authority – kill 20000-40000 a year

See how some instability eg) Zinoviev against nep

Influences ban on factionalism March 16th 1921 – exiled if oppose party desicisoins

Enables total autocracy that protects power

Question 27

Ban on factionalism

Answer 27

March 16th 1921

Question 28

Economic impact civil war

Answer 28

Control 300 000 business by 1920, lack of suffienct funding

Inflation: The value of the rouble fell 230 times between 1917 and 1919.

Production: Industrial output fell to 20% of 1913 levels by 1921.

Food production: The grain harvest fell from 80 million tons in 1913 to 37 million tons in 1920.

Coal production: Coal production fell from 27 million tons in 1913 to 7 million tons in 1920.

Question 29

Tambovs rebellion

Answer 29

Tambov’s rebellion – 1920-21, 500 km from Moscow

At its height, the rebellion had at least 50,000 armed peasants, many of whom were deserters from the Red Army.

The Red Army killed or executed more than 240,000 men, women, and children during the rebellion.

Around 100,000 peasant rebels and their families were imprisoned or deported.

Question 30

Ww2 dates

Answer 30

13th march 1938 – Anaholoss of austria – union/alliance

Challenges russian secucirty

Muncih peace cofnrence 1938 – britan/france fail to limit naxi invasion of chexclovakia

Shows they are unreliable allys

August 1938 – nazi soviet non aggression pact

Short term

Tensions in poland – nazis invade 1st september

-unpopular soviet influence eg) katynn forest war crimes as aim to assert control

22nd june 1941 – operation barbabrosa

Question 31

ww2 gov impact

Answer 31

Little impact on gov structure

Stalin chariman of state defence comittee/supreme millitary commnder

Takes advice from adivosrs succesfully

Politburo consitia of pro stalin leaders eg) Molotov and Krushcev

Question 32

Party control ww2

Answer 32

Party membership increase – 3.7mill 1941 to 5.8mill 1945

-caused by rise in millitary subsription /pro russian prorpganda

-imagery almsot nationalsitic, more churhs re open – put morale above ideology

Purges established control

By 1941, it is estimated that around 30% of senior military officers had been executed or imprisoned.

Kill 89/103 milllitary admirals

Question 33

Repression ww2

Answer 33

-violent to balklands and cheknens

• 3 million checnens deported

Leningrad affair – 200 supporters of powerful Leningrad party killed

• 8.7 million military personnel were lost.
• over 15 million civilians.

Question 34

Economic impact ww2

Answer 34

Lend lease act takes 7million from usa
4 million POw used

The Fourth Five Year Plan was a reconstruction program. The aim was to get the Soviet economy at the levels it was at before the war.

The Volga-Don Canal was a public works scheme that failed.

Collective farms suffered labour shortages, which led to a famine in 1947.

Question 35

Cold war political

Answer 35

-minimal impact – see how politburo keeps its centralized control over soviets

See some changes on stalins death in march 1953

-no introduction of new democracy /assembly

• some ideological change with destalinization – This involved denouncing Stalin’s excesses during a secret speech at the 20th Party Congress in February 25th of 1956

Question 36

Social impact cold war

Answer 36

Some liberalization in de Stalinization

Still repressive – look to Hungary 1956 – where 3000 killed

At its peak in the early 1950s, it is estimated that around 2.5 million people were held in Gulags – decrease to 110000

Still violent but less due to wests pressures

954 alone, about 20,000 executions were reported compared to hundreds of thousands annually during the Great Purge (1936-1938).

Question 37

social Economic impact ww2

Answer 37

-over 1 in 77 have a fridge /1 in 100 washing machine

-abortion/birth control allowed 1955 – cold wars preassure to modernize/look to consumerism

Question 38

Finanical impact cold war

Answer 38

8-9 trillion dollars over the duration of the conflict

Struugle to fund space/arms race

-military expenditures accounted for approximately 25% to 30% of the Soviet GDP

-1961 tsar bomba developments cost 60million

industrial output grew by about 8% annually on average. However, this growth came at the expense of light industry and agriculture, which struggled to meet domestic needs.

• The Virgin Lands Campaign initiated in 1954 aimed to increase agricultural output by cultivating previously unused lands in Kazakhstan -165 million acres, costs over 44 billion rubles, or 20 % of total Soviet expenditure

-aims to show modern ideology – fails in outcomes – 140mil tone 1862 , 102mil 1963, dries up aral sea