living conditions/ working conditions Flashcards
A11 housing
Up to 3 families a room
St. Petersburg the population grew from around 1.1 million to over 1.4 million by 1880
St. Petersburg, an estimated 60% of factory workers lived in company-owned barracks
Alex 111 housing
5–10 people sharing a single room
1892 Cholera Epidemic; 400,000 deaths
N11 housing
1900 15% of Russians lived in cities, compared to 80% in the UK and 40% in the USA.
The first census was in 1897 (little information about urban living conditions before).
Between 1897 and 1914 the populations of Riga and Kiev doubled.
A cholera out-break in St. Petersburg killed 100,000 in 1910. In 1911 a sewerage system was built
1914 there were 1000 towns containing 2 million buildings.
Over half were made of wood.
74 towns had electricity, 35 had gas and 38 had a sewerage system.
Lenin Housing
The Decree on State Nov 8th 1917 banned private property.
Apartments were handed out to the workers. This did solve the housing crisis in the cities, but temporarily.
60% of urban dwellers in kommunalkas
individual rooms ranging from 4 to 5.5 square meters
25 million housing units
Stalin housing
Living in shared apartments was the norm.
In the 1930s 25% of Moscow families lived in 1 room shared with 2 other families.
5% of Moscow lived in a bathroom or hallway.
The average living space was 8.5m2 in 1905, by 1935 it was 5.8m2.
– ww2 25 million left homesless
Kruschev Housing
Between 1955-1964 the housing stock doubled.
108 million moved to new apartments.
6 million kurshevas
The average apartment size was 30m2.
- Most peasants lived in a single-room wooden hut called a izba.
Stalin and Khrushchev both planned to improve rural housing, but neither did.
Deported kulaks slept in tents.
Alex 11 work
12 to 16
.A survey conducted in the late 1870s indicated that about 60% of workers reported unsafe working conditions in factories.
1860, there were about 1 million factory workers; by 1890, this number had grown to approximately 3 200% increase
15000 to 35000 factories
10 to 20 kopecks per day, which was barely enough to support a family.
30% under 15
Alex 111 work
Jan 7-17th Morzdov works stirke – 100000 strike. 19 killed
Bans children under 12 from working in factories in 1882.
Introduces factory inspectors in 1882.
A survey conducted in 1896 revealed that around 60% of workers reported working more than 12 hours daily.
Over 300 recorded strikes across various industries.
N11 work
9-10 hour working day normal in 1914.
A workers insurance scheme was set up in 1912 (pay wages if injured).
Post 1905 = 32 rubles more per year—an increase of 15.5 per cent.
average wages for factory workers were approximately 1 ruble per day
skilled workers earned between 2 to 3 rubles per day
Lenin Work
november 27th 1917 - decree on workers control
The Rabkrin (Workers’ Inspectorate) was set up in 1920 to improve conditions. Has no power.
The New Work Discipline fined workers for mistakes. A fine of 10% of your wages was common.
Workers were shot if anti-revolutionary.
Stalin Work
12 hours in 1932.
During the First Five Year Plan (1928-32) wages fell by 50%.
Piece-rate system of pay introduced. Paid based on what you produced in a day.
Dec 26th/25th days of industrialisation
Stakhanovite Movement encouraged hard work.
The introduction of the continuous working week (nepreryvka) in 1929 further exacerbated this issue by eliminating common rest days
Krushev work
7 hour working day introduced in 1958.
In 1954 wages rose about what they were in the 1920s.
June 2nd 1962 – Novockeasr riots. 23 killed
