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Human Nutrition > Proteins > Flashcards

Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

What represent a diverse array of nitrogenous molecules in the body?

A

Proteins

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2
Q

What molecules is protein made up of?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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3
Q

Does protein contain sulfur

A

Yes, but only occasionally

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4
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino Acids

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5
Q

Do carbs contain nitrogen?

A

No

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6
Q

Do lipids contain nitrogen?

A

No

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7
Q

Do proteins contain nitrogen?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has two amino acids linked together?

A

Dipeptides

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9
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has three amino acids linked together?

A

Tripeptides

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10
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has a small number (5-50) of amino acids linked together?

A

Oligopeptides

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11
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has more than 50 amino acids linked together?

A

Polypeptides

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12
Q

What is a type of pepsin that has one or more polypeptides with complex structure?

A

Protein

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13
Q

How many amino acids make up all proteins?

A

20

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14
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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15
Q

Can essential amino acids be synthesized by the body?

A

No

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16
Q

Can nonessential amino acids be synthesized by the body?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is an essential amino acid in lowest concentration in food or diet relative to body needs?

A

Limiting amino acid

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18
Q

What is the most satiating (filling) of all the macronutrients?

A

Protein

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19
Q

What are the different food sources of animal protein?

A

Dairy, meat, eggs, and fish

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20
Q

What are the different food sources of plant proteins?

A

Beans, nuts and grains

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21
Q

What are 3 factors of animal foods?

A
  1. High quality
  2. Highly digestible
  3. Higher in fat
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22
Q

What are 3 factors of plant foods?

A
  1. Low quality
  2. Less digestible
  3. Higher in carbs
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23
Q

What are the 2 factors that make a protein high quality?

A
  1. They have complete proteins

2. They have sufficient amounts of the essential amino acids

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24
Q

What do incomplete proteins require?

A

Complementation

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25
Q

Which types of protein are the most digestible?

A

Dairy and meat

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26
Q

Which types of protein are the least digestible?

A

Foods that require cooking and other types of processing

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27
Q

What is the source range for the least digestible proteins?

A

70-85%

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28
Q

What are the components in foods that cause allergies ?

A

Proteins

29
Q

What is an inappropriate immune response to a food protein that is often severe and can even be fatal?

A

Food Allergy

30
Q

What is an inappropriate immune response to a food protein that is more mild and creates chronic problems?

A

Food Sensitivity

31
Q

What is the best way to test for food allergies and food sensitivity?

A

An elimination diet

32
Q

In order to be digested what first needs to happen to proteins?

A

They need to be unfolded and then the bonds between amino acids need to be broken

33
Q

What is the role of the stomach in protein digestion?

A

Acid unfolds the protein

34
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in protein digestion?

A

CCK causes release of enzymes

35
Q

What is an autoimmune response to wheat protein?

A

Celiac Disease

36
Q

What are the symptoms of celiac disease?

A

Malnutrition and intense abdominal pain

37
Q

What is an inflammatory response to different wheat proteins?

A

Gluten sensitivity

38
Q

What are the symptoms of gluten sensitivity?

A

Abdominal pain and gas/bloating, constipation and/or diarrhea, and skin rash

39
Q

What is the structural role of protein in the body?

A

It helps support the muscle

40
Q

Is an enzyme a protein?

A

Yes

41
Q

What is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite and sleep as well as intestinal motility?

A

Serotonin

42
Q

What is a hormone that regulates sleep?

A

Melatonin

43
Q

What regulates energy metabolism?

A

Thyroid hormone

44
Q

What is a neurotransmitter that is involved in executive functions, motor control, motivation, arousal, reinforcement, and reward pathways?

A

Dopamine

45
Q

What is a neurotransmitter that increases arousal and alertness, promotes vigilance, enhances formation and retrieval of memory, and focuses attention?

A

Norepinephrine

46
Q

When there is protein malnutrition what is one of the first things to shut down?

A

The immune system

47
Q

Does kwashiorkor cause severe weight loss or mild to moderate weight loss?

A

It causes mild to moderate weight loss

48
Q

Does marasmus cause severe weight loss or mild to moderate weight loss?

A

It causes severe weight loss

49
Q

Which organ produces glucose?

A

The liver

50
Q

Can fatty acids be used to make glucose?

A

No

51
Q

When does your body need to make its own glucose?

A

During periods of fasting or on low-carb diets

52
Q

Why is protein the only slow-release carbohydrate?

A

The liver only releases them when we need them

53
Q

Are proteins a primary source of energy for the body?

A

No

54
Q

What are the preferred fuel sources of the body?

A

Fatty acids and carbs

55
Q

When are proteins used as an energy source for the body?

A

When you are starving, have extreme bouts of physical activity or during poorly controlled weight loss

56
Q

What is a diet with protein intake higher than the RDA (20-35%)?

A

A high protein diet

57
Q

What does a high protein diet macronutrient intake look like?

A

Moderate protein, high fat, and low carb

58
Q

What are the 4 myths of a high protein diet?

A
  1. Low in plant foods (fiber), vitamins, phytochemicals
  2. High in saturated fat and cholesterol
  3. Excessive intake of processed red meat is linked with colon cancer
  4. Burden on the kidney
59
Q

What are the 4 advantages of a high protein diet?

A
  1. Effective for fat loss
  2. Stabilizes blood sugar
  3. Helps build muscle
  4. Can boost energy levels, reduce jitteriness, agitation and mood swings, improve sleep, and sharpen brain function
60
Q

What are the 4 disadvantages of a high protein diet?

A
  1. Too much methionine can be problematic
  2. Can increase intake of cholesterol and saturated fat
  3. Can decrease intake of healthy carbs
  4. The advantages can disappear if the diet is stopped
61
Q

What type of person eats only plant food?

A

Vegan

62
Q

What type of person only eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils?

A

Fruitarian

63
Q

What type of person eats plant and dairy products?

A

Lactovegetarians

64
Q

What type of person eats plant products, dairy, eggs?

A

Lacto-ovovegetarians

65
Q

Are vegans and fruitarian herbivores or omnivores?

A

They are herbivores

66
Q

Are lactovegetarians and lacto-ovovegetarians herbivores or omnivores?

A

They are omnivores

67
Q

What are the 4 advantages of a vegetarian diet?

A
  1. Consume lots of healthy vegetables and fruits
  2. Limit consumption of cholesterol and saturated fat
  3. High in fiber
  4. Better relationship with food
68
Q

What are the 6 disadvantages of a vegetarian diet?

A
  1. Nutrient deficiencies more likely
  2. Hard to get enough bioavailable protein
  3. Excess indigestible protein
  4. Potential for excess omega-6 fatty acids
  5. Less absorbable iron form
  6. Concern for pregnant women, infants and children

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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