Nutrients in Bone Health Part 2 Flashcards
What is a water-based fluid that moves through circulatory system?
Blood
What does blood transport to every cell?
Nutrients
What does blood pick up for excretion out of the body?
Cellular waste
What are the 3 roles of blood?
- Transports nutrients to every cell in the body
- Picks up cellular waste for excretion out of the body
- Transports signaling molecules
What are the 3 main cell types found in blood?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells
- Platelets
What are cell particulates that aid in blood clotting?
Platelets
What are white blood cells?
Immune cells
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
Where in the body are the various cells of the blood made?
The bone marrow
Which type of cell serves as a precursor to blood cells?
Bone marrow stem cells
Do stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell?
Yes
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
What is the secondary function of red blood cells?
Carrying carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
What is the main protein found in RBCs?
Hemoglobin
Why is the hemoglobin protein important for the function of the RBC?
It’s responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide
What 2 main processes that must happen in order to make new RBCs?
- Hemoglobin must be produced
2. The cells need to divide rapidly
Which vitamins and minerals are important for hemoglobin production?
Iron and Vitamin B6
What is very important for rapidly dividing cells?
DNA synthesis
What cycle produces nucleotides necessary for DNA synthesis?
Folate cycle
Which vitamins are important in the folate cycle?
Vitamin B12 and Riboflavin
Do healthy red blood cells have a normal size and normal color?
Yes
What abnormally sized/colored RBCs indicate?
Different types of anemia
Is it easy for us to get rid of excess iron?
No
What is the role of copper in iron transport in the body?
It’s a cofactor in 3 different enzymes
What types of food is heme iron found in?
Animal food
What percentage of non-heme iron is absorbed?
3-10%
What percentage of heme iron is absorbed?
20-40%
Why is it hard to get rid of excess iron?
It’s not excreted through urination
What is a genetic disease that increases iron absorption?
Hemochromatosis
What is the inadequate number or function of red blood cells in the body?
Anemia
What are the 2 different types of anemia?
- Macrocytic
2. Microcytic
What is the most common cause of anemia?
Iron deficiency
What are 6 of the symptoms of anemia?
- Fatigue
- Rapid heart rate
- Shortness of breath
- Difficulty concentrating
- Pale skin
- Cold extremities
What do we have when our blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen?
Anemia
When you look under a microscope which type of anemia has large red blood cells?
Macrocytic
When you look under a microscope which type of anemia has pale, small red blood cells?
Microcytic
Which vitamin/mineral deficiencies is Macrocytic a sign of?
Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency
Which vitamin/mineral deficiencies is Microcytic a sign of?
Iron or vitamin B6 deficiency
What is the release of blood from a broken blood vessel?
Hemorrhage
What is the process of stopping blood loss?
Hemostasis
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet plug
- Coagulation (blood clotting)
What happens in the Vasoconstriction step of Hemostasis?
Blood vessels narrow
What happens in the Platelet plug step of Hemostasis?
Platelets stick to damaged tissue and each other, which creates a temporary seal that stops bleeding
Which vitamin is crucial for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
Why are infants susceptible to deficiency of vitamin K?
Infant’s gut don’t have bacteria at birth, so they can’t synthesize vitamin K
What can cause some adults to be deficient in vitamin K?
Using antibiotics long term
What are 7 food sources of Vitamin B6?
Meat, fish, poultry, banana, navy beans, walnuts and potatoes
What are 6 food sources of Vitamin B12?
Liver, oysters, crab, salmon, beef and eggs
What are 4 food sources of Vitamin K?
Leafy greens, certain fermented foods, duck fat and egg yolks
What are 6 food sources of Riboflavin?
Beef liver, dairy products, beef, eggs, spinach and mushrooms
What are 6 food sources of Iron?
Meats, seafood, broccoli, peas, bran and enriched breads
What are 4 food sources of Folate?
Green leafy veggies, organ meats, sprouts, mushrooms
Is Vitamin B12 found in plant foods?
No
What 3 things are the 3 different enzymes that copper is a cofactor of responsible for?
- Transport of iron out of intestinal cells
- Transport through the blood
- Transport to bone marrow for RBC production
What is another name for Macrocytic?
Megaloblastic
What is another name for Microcytic?
Hypochromic
