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Human Nutrition > Nutrients in Bone Health Part 2 > Flashcards

Nutrients in Bone Health Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a water-based fluid that moves through circulatory system?

A

Blood

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2
Q

What does blood transport to every cell?

A

Nutrients

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3
Q

What does blood pick up for excretion out of the body?

A

Cellular waste

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4
Q

What are the 3 roles of blood?

A
  1. Transports nutrients to every cell in the body
  2. Picks up cellular waste for excretion out of the body
  3. Transports signaling molecules
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5
Q

What are the 3 main cell types found in blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
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6
Q

What are cell particulates that aid in blood clotting?

A

Platelets

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7
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Immune cells

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8
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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9
Q

Where in the body are the various cells of the blood made?

A

The bone marrow

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10
Q

Which type of cell serves as a precursor to blood cells?

A

Bone marrow stem cells

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11
Q

Do stem cells have the potential to develop into any type of cell?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

A

Carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

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13
Q

What is the secondary function of red blood cells?

A

Carrying carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

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14
Q

What is the main protein found in RBCs?

A

Hemoglobin

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15
Q

Why is the hemoglobin protein important for the function of the RBC?

A

It’s responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What 2 main processes that must happen in order to make new RBCs?

A
  1. Hemoglobin must be produced

2. The cells need to divide rapidly

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17
Q

Which vitamins and minerals are important for hemoglobin production?

A

Iron and Vitamin B6

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18
Q

What is very important for rapidly dividing cells?

A

DNA synthesis

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19
Q

What cycle produces nucleotides necessary for DNA synthesis?

A

Folate cycle

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20
Q

Which vitamins are important in the folate cycle?

A

Vitamin B12 and Riboflavin

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21
Q

Do healthy red blood cells have a normal size and normal color?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What abnormally sized/colored RBCs indicate?

A

Different types of anemia

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23
Q

Is it easy for us to get rid of excess iron?

A

No

24
Q

What is the role of copper in iron transport in the body?

A

It’s a cofactor in 3 different enzymes

25
Q

What types of food is heme iron found in?

A

Animal food

26
Q

What percentage of non-heme iron is absorbed?

A

3-10%

27
Q

What percentage of heme iron is absorbed?

A

20-40%

28
Q

Why is it hard to get rid of excess iron?

A

It’s not excreted through urination

29
Q

What is a genetic disease that increases iron absorption?

A

Hemochromatosis

30
Q

What is the inadequate number or function of red blood cells in the body?

A

Anemia

31
Q

What are the 2 different types of anemia?

A
  1. Macrocytic

2. Microcytic

32
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia?

A

Iron deficiency

33
Q

What are 6 of the symptoms of anemia?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Rapid heart rate
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Difficulty concentrating
  5. Pale skin
  6. Cold extremities
34
Q

What do we have when our blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen?

A

Anemia

35
Q

When you look under a microscope which type of anemia has large red blood cells?

A

Macrocytic

36
Q

When you look under a microscope which type of anemia has pale, small red blood cells?

A

Microcytic

37
Q

Which vitamin/mineral deficiencies is Macrocytic a sign of?

A

Folate or vitamin B12 deficiency

38
Q

Which vitamin/mineral deficiencies is Microcytic a sign of?

A

Iron or vitamin B6 deficiency

39
Q

What is the release of blood from a broken blood vessel?

A

Hemorrhage

40
Q

What is the process of stopping blood loss?

A

Hemostasis

41
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
42
Q

What happens in the Vasoconstriction step of Hemostasis?

A

Blood vessels narrow

43
Q

What happens in the Platelet plug step of Hemostasis?

A

Platelets stick to damaged tissue and each other, which creates a temporary seal that stops bleeding

44
Q

Which vitamin is crucial for blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

45
Q

Why are infants susceptible to deficiency of vitamin K?

A

Infant’s gut don’t have bacteria at birth, so they can’t synthesize vitamin K

46
Q

What can cause some adults to be deficient in vitamin K?

A

Using antibiotics long term

47
Q

What are 7 food sources of Vitamin B6?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, banana, navy beans, walnuts and potatoes

48
Q

What are 6 food sources of Vitamin B12?

A

Liver, oysters, crab, salmon, beef and eggs

49
Q

What are 4 food sources of Vitamin K?

A

Leafy greens, certain fermented foods, duck fat and egg yolks

50
Q

What are 6 food sources of Riboflavin?

A

Beef liver, dairy products, beef, eggs, spinach and mushrooms

51
Q

What are 6 food sources of Iron?

A

Meats, seafood, broccoli, peas, bran and enriched breads

52
Q

What are 4 food sources of Folate?

A

Green leafy veggies, organ meats, sprouts, mushrooms

53
Q

Is Vitamin B12 found in plant foods?

A

No

54
Q

What 3 things are the 3 different enzymes that copper is a cofactor of responsible for?

A
  1. Transport of iron out of intestinal cells
  2. Transport through the blood
  3. Transport to bone marrow for RBC production
55
Q

What is another name for Macrocytic?

A

Megaloblastic

56
Q

What is another name for Microcytic?

A

Hypochromic

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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