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Human Nutrition > Antioxidants > Flashcards

Antioxidants Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs when molecules lose electrons?

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

What sometimes happens when oxygen oxidizes a molecule?

A

The molecule becomes a free radical

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3
Q

What is an atom or molecule containing an unpaired electron?

A

Free radical

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4
Q

What is the common oxidizing agent that can become a free radical?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

What occurs when molecules gain electrons ?

A

Reduction

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6
Q

Are free radicals always bad?

A

No

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7
Q

Which cells use free radicals as a chemical defense?

A

Immune cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 reasons why the overproduction of free radicals is problematic?

A
  1. It causes a chain reaction of free radical formation

2. It can damage cellular structures

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9
Q

Which cellular structure is the most damaged by free radicals?

A

The cell membrane

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10
Q

What is the free radical theory of aging?

A

The more free radicals you have the faster you are going to age

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11
Q

What 6 other diseases are thought to be causes, in part, by free radicals?

A
  1. Macular degeneration
  2. Cardiovascular disease
  3. Cancer
  4. Alzheimer’s disease
  5. Parkinson’s disease
  6. All inflammatory diseases (arthritis and lupus)
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12
Q

How does the body control the production of free radicals?

A

It uses defenses

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13
Q

What 2 things does the body use to keep free radicals under control?

A

Enzymes and Antioxidants

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14
Q

What are chemicals derived from food?

A

Antioxidants

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15
Q

Are the most antioxidant vitamins found in plants or animals?

A

Plants

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16
Q

Why is vitamin E found at high levels in certain plant foods?

A

Plants deal with a lot of UV light

17
Q

Which tissues in the body have high levels of vitamin E?

A

Red blood cells and lung tissue

18
Q

Why do red blood cells and lung tissue have high levels of vitamin e?

A

They are exposed to a lot of light

19
Q

What are the main dietary sources of vitamin E?

A

Plant seed oils (canola, corn, soybean), olive oil, spinach, eggs yolks, nuts, avocado

20
Q

What are the 2 roles of vitamin C in the body?

A
  1. Readily accepts and donates vitamin E

2. Aids in the reactivation of vitamin E

21
Q

What are the main dietary sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits, strawberries, green peppers, cauliflower, broccoli, whale skin and other organ meats

22
Q

What deficiency results from inadequate vitamin C intake?

A

Scurvy

23
Q

What are the symptoms of scurvy?

A

Pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, fatigue, bleeding gums, joint pain, wounds that would not heal

24
Q

Which people were the first to get scurvy?

A

Sailors

25
Q

How was scurvy cured?

A

Citrus fruits (lemons)

26
Q

What are phytochemicals with health-promoting properties?

A

Carotenoids

27
Q

Which carotenoid can be converted into vitamin A in the body?

A

Beta-carotene

28
Q

What contains carotenoids?

A

Plants

29
Q

What are some problem with getting vitamin A solely from this carotenoid?

A

Low rates of absorption and conversion

30
Q

What are 3 other carotenoids that have health benefits?

A

Lycopene, Zeaxanthin, and Lutein

31
Q

What are foods that carotenoids are found in?

A

Tomatoes, kale, spinach, peas, broccoli, roman lettuce, brussels sprouts, zucchini

32
Q

How does selenium function as an antioxidant?

A

It spares vitamin E and helps maintain cell membrane integrity

33
Q

What does selenium work in place of?

A

Vitamin E

34
Q

What are the dietary sources of selenium?

A

Fish, meat (esp. organ meats), shellfish, eggs, Brazil nuts

35
Q

What environmental factor affects the food levels of selenium?

A

The soil contents

36
Q

What are 5 toxicity symptoms associated with selenium?

A

Hair loss, weakness, nausea, vomiting and cirrhosis

37
Q

Which geographical location has low selenium in the soil?

A

North America

38
Q

Is excess supplementation of selenium toxic?

A

Yes

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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