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Human Nutrition > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the second leading cause of death in North America?

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Why is early detection of cancer problematic?

A

It can spread rapidly

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3
Q

Why is CAUTION not particularly helpful?

A

It’s very vague

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4
Q

CAUTION stands for the following:

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
A

CAUTION stands for the following:

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
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5
Q

What occurs when normal body cells lose the ability to control their division?

A

Cancer

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6
Q

What are the normal processes in our body in place to prevent uncontrolled cell division in the body?

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

How do DNA mutations in cells usually prevent cancer cells from dividing?

A

They trigger certain proteins to be produced that stop the cell from diving and often kills the cell

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8
Q

Why is it difficult for our immune system to recognize and kill cancer cells?

A

They are their own body cells

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9
Q

Is it true that everyone has cancer?

A

Yes

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10
Q

According to the conventional wisdom, what is the main/core cause of cancer?

A

Random genetic mutations

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11
Q

Which part of the cell is damaged that leads to cancer?

A

The DNA

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12
Q

What are 3 potential causes of damage to DNA?

A
  1. Uncontrolled Cell Replication
  2. Lack of Apoptotic Signaling
  3. Increased Invasive and Metastatic Properties
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13
Q

What percent of cancers are thought to be attributed to genetic predisposition?

A

60%

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14
Q

What percent of cancers are thought to be due to environmental causes?

A

40%

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15
Q

What are 3 environmental causes of cancer?

A
  1. Toxins
  2. Low antioxidant intake
  3. Poor diet
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16
Q

What are masses of cells that can be cancerous or noncancerous?

A

A Tumor

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17
Q

What are noncancerous tumors that do not spread?

A

Benign

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18
Q

What is property of spreading locally and to distant sites?

A

Malignant

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19
Q

What is the spreading of disease from the site of the original tumor to parts of body that are remote?

A

Metastasize

20
Q

What are the 3 main ways that we treat cancer?

A

Surgery, Chemotherapy, and Radiation

21
Q

What characteristic of cancer cells is different from most normal cells that is used to target cancer cells?

A

Cancer cells rapidly divide while most normal cells don’t

22
Q

What uses drugs that interfere with a cell’s ability to divide?

A

Chemotherapy

23
Q

What are the 3 common mechanisms of chemotherapy

A

Impair DNA synthesis, trigger cell death, and stop growth of new blood vessels

24
Q

What is a side effects associated with Chemotherapy?

A

The treatments targets important cells for your body that also rapidly divide

25
Q

What important cells does Chemotherapy also target?

A

Immune cells and intestine cells

26
Q

What are 5 of the symptoms associated with cancer?

A

Hair loss, nausea, vomiting, chronic infections, skin problems

27
Q

Are the symptoms associated with cancer caused by the cancer or the cancer treatment?

A

The cancer treatment

28
Q

What uses high-energy radiation to damage and kill cancer cells?

A

Radiation

29
Q

What is a side effect of radiation treatment?

A

It can cause cancer

30
Q

How are free radicals thought to contribute to cancer susceptibility?

A

They damage DNA

31
Q

How do dietary antioxidants protect against cancer?

A

They neutralize free radicals

32
Q

What property is common to all cancer types and cells?

A

Metabolic Dysfunction

33
Q

Are DNA mutations the same in all types of cancer?

A

No

34
Q

Are DNA mutations the same in one cancer in one patient?

A

No

35
Q

How was it shown that cancer does not arise from DNA?

A

He took a normal cell and put cancerous DNA in it and let it divide and it produced normal cells

36
Q

How was it shown that cancer does not arise from the nucleus?

A

He took a cancerous cell and put a normal nucleus in it and let it divide and it became a tumorous cell

37
Q

Which cellular organelle was found to be the real source of cancer?

A

The cell mitochondria

38
Q

What cellular function does the organelle of cancer perform?

A

It is where most energy metabolism comes from

39
Q

Which macronutrients can normal cells use for energy that cancer cells cannot?

A

The Microconidia

40
Q

Which macronutrient are cancer cells dependent on for energy?

A

Glucose

41
Q

What does cancer cells being depended on glucose or energy mean in terms of therapies for cancer?

A

It might be possible to “starve” cancer by not giving it glucose

42
Q

How does the metabolism of a cancer cell differ from the metabolism of a normal cell?

A

Cancer cells have a damaged microconidia and it produces a lot of lactate

43
Q

What diet should you go on to “starve” cancer?

A

Ketogenic Diet

44
Q

Can cancer cells use fatty acids or ketone bodies for energy?

A

No

45
Q

Does lactate make a lot of energy or very little energy?

A

Very little energy

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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