Lipids Flashcards
What are large non-polar molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen?
Lipids
What are the 3 types of lipids?
- Triglyceride
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
Are lipids soluble? (Do they dissolve in water)
No
Are carbs soluble?
Yes
Is a lipid a solid, liquid, or both?
Both
What type of lipid has a glycerol backbone attached to 3 fatty acids?
Triglyceride
What are the 3 types of fatty acids that triglyceride attaches to?
- Saturated
- Monounsaturated
- Polyunsaturated
Is saturated fat mainly found in plants, animals, or both?
Animals
Is monounsaturated fat mainly found in plants, animals, or both?
Both
Is polyunsaturated fat mainly found in plants, animals, or both?
Plants
Is saturated fat a solid or a liquid at room temperature?
A solid
Is polyunsaturated fat a solid or a liquid at room temperature?
A liquid
What are the 3 roles of triglyceride in the body?
- Storage form of fat
- Contains lots of energy
- Transports fat-soluble vitamins
What type of lipid has a glycerol backbone with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group?
Phospholipids
What type of lipid has no glycerol backbone?
Cholesterol
What does the structure of cholesterol look like?
A multi-ring structure
What is the smallest out of the 3 lipids?
Cholesterol
What type of food is cholesterol found in?
Animal food
What are the 3 roles of cholesterol in the body?
- Essential component in the cell membrane
- Vital precursor to many important molecules
- Synthesized by the liver
Which cells contain cholesterol?
Every single cell
What is your brain made up of?
Fat and cholesterol
What allowed our guts to shrink and our brains to grow?
A high quality diet
True plant oils can be extracted through what process?
Cold pressing
What are 3 examples of true plant oils?
Olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil
What is another name for industrial seed oil?
Vegetable oil
What are 3 examples of vegetable oil?
Canola oil, soybean oil, and safflower oil
What is vegetable oil high in?
Polyunsaturated fat (omega-6)
What types of food contain vegetable oil?
Processed foods
What percentage of ingested lipids are digested and absorbed?
95%
Which hormone is released into the small intestine in response to fat being in the intestine?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What 2 signals does cholecystokinin provide to help with fat digestion?
- Release of bile from gallbladder
2. Pancreatic lipase excretion
What help lipids form small droplets?
Bile acids
What are transport vesicles that carry large non-polar molecules?
Lipoproteins
What are the 4 types of lipoproteins?
- Chylomicrons
- VLDL
- LDL
- HDL
What are chylomicrons produced by?
The intestine
Why do lipids need a transport system?
They are insoluble
What is the primary component of Chylomicrons?
Triglyceride
What is the primary component of VLDL?
Triglyceride
What is the primary component of LDL?
Cholesterol
What is the primary component of HDL?
Protein
Which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells?
Chylomicrons
Which lipoprotein carries lipids made and taken by the liver to cells?
VLDL
Which lipoprotein carries cholesterol made by the liver and other sources to cells?
LDL
Which lipoprotein contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion of it from the body?
HDL
Are levels of lipoproteins in the blood affected by dietary cholesterol?
No
What are the 2 classes of essential fatty acids?
Omega-3 and omega-6
Are omega-3s and omega-6s plant forms or animal forms?
They are plant forms
What broader category do omega-3s and omega-6s belong to?
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
How much of omega-3s and omega-6s do you need in your diet?
Only 5-10% of calories
Which omega fatty acid decreases blood clotting?
Omega-3
Which omega fatty acid is anti-inflammatory?
Omega-3
Which omega fatty acid increases blood clotting?
Omega-6
Which omega fatty acid is pro-inflammatory?
Omega-6
Why is it important to eat a 1:1 ratio of omega-3s and omega-6s?
It balances out the inflammatory effects
What is the average ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 that Americans generally eat?
10-20:1 ratio
What does eating more omega-6 than omega-3 do to the scale?
It tips the scale towards pro-inflammatory
Which omega fatty acid is important for cognitive function and neurodevelopment?
Omega-3
- What is the AHA recommendation for the percentage of kcal from saturated fat intake?
- What is the average U.S intake of total kcal from fat intake?
- 7-10%
2. 13%
- What is the AHA recommendation for the percentage of total kcal that should come from fat intake?
- What is the average U.S intake of kcal from saturated fat intake?
- 20-30%
2. 33%
