Human Body Flashcards
What is involved in every process that occurs in the body?
Nutrients
What is the group of chemical reactions occurring in cells that maintain life?
Metabolism
What are reactions that serve to build larger molecules from smaller molecules?
Anabolic
Does anabolic require energy or release energy?
It requires energy
What are reactions that serve to break down larger molecules into smaller molecules?
Catabolic
Does catabolic require energy or release energy?
It releases energy
What allows the immune system and it’s major cells to move?
The Lymphatic System
What are the 3 major parts of the Lymphatic System?
The lymph, lymph vessels and nodes
What is one of the first things to be shut down in cases of nutrient insufficiency?
The Immune System
What provides a defense against pathogens?
The Immune System
What are the 6 major parts of the Immune System?
White blood cells, liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymphatics
What can be greatly influenced by nutritional status?
The Immune System
What are the 3 major parts of the Endocrine System?
The glands, pancreas, hypothalamus in the brain
What produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar?
The Endocrine
What produces digestive enzymes?
The Exocrine
What does the Endocrine System do?
It regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other systems
The Endocrine System regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other systems using what?
Hormonal Control
What are the 5 major parts of the Digestive System?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
What are the 3 primary functions of the Digestive System?
- Physical and chemical processes of digestion
- Absorption of nutrients
- Elimination of solid waste
What does the Digestive System start with?
Chewing
What is the mechanical breakdown of large food pieces?
Chewing
What breaks down starches in the Digestive System?
Salivary amylase
What breaks down fats in the Digestive System?
Lingual lipase
What are the 5 taste receptor types?
Bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami (savory)
What is the valve to our lungs called?
The Epiglottis
What uses muscular contractions to transport food to the stomach?
The Esophagus
What are large molecules that makes chemical reactions occur at a fast rate?
Enzymes
What is the starting material that the enzyme binds to called?
The Substrate
What is the ending material that the enzyme makes and releases called?
The Product
What does an Enzyme name always end in?
Ase
What is the name of the enzyme for sucrose?
Sucrase
What holds food until it’s ready to enter the small intestine?
The Stomach
What does chief cell release?
Pepsin
What do parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric Acid (HIC)
What do neck cells produce?
Mucus
What 2 things aid in the protection of the stomach?
Hydrochloric Acid and Mucus
What does the stomach produce?
Chyme
What is a watery mixture containing eaten food, digestive enzymes, HCl and mucus?
Chyme
What is the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine called?
Pyloric Sphincter
List the three segments of the Small Intestine
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
Where does chemical digestion occur in the small intestine?
In the duodenum
Where does nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?
In the jejunum and the ileum
Fill in the Blank:
The duodenum receives chyme from the stomach that is very ______
Acedic
What organ secretes substances into the duodenum?
The Pancreas
What byproduct neutralizes acid in the pancreas?
Bicarbonate
What organ produces bile?
The liver
What organ secretes bile into the duodenum?
The Gallbladder
What propels the digested food through the small intestine tract?
Peristalsis
After the food makes its way through the small intestine where does it go?
The Large Intestine
When the digested food makes it to the large intestine is the majority of digestion and absorption already done?
Yes
What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water, sodium, and potassium
What houses trillions of bacteria and other microbes?
The colon
List the 3 reasons why the gut microbiota is a vital component to our health
- It produces vitamins
- It helps digest our food
- It wards off pathogens
What is a probiotic?
It’s bacteria
What are beneficial living microorganisms often ingested as a supplement?
Probiotics
What are polysaccharides that are indigested by human enzymes that are consumed by bacteria?
Prebiotics
What is the combination of probiotics and prebiotics called?
Symbiotics
What is the final portion of the large intestine and houses the feces until defecation?
The rectum
What are the 2 sphincters that the anus has?
- Internal anal sphincter
2. External anal sphincter
Do we have control of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, both, or none?
We have control of the external anal sphincter
Do we not have control of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, both, or none?
We don’t have control of the internal anal sphincter
What 4 things is our feces composed of?
Undigested food, intestinal cells, bacteria, and water
What percentage of the liver can be regenerated?
66%
What organ converts fatty acids?
The liver
What allows for the digestion of fat?
Bile
What does the liver store to help regulate blood sugar?
Glycogen
What 5 things does the liver produce?
Glycogen, sugar, fat, bile, and non-essential amino acids
What does the liver produce sugar out of?
Amino Acids
What does the liver produce fat from?
Excess sugar
What organ stores and concentrates bile?
The gallbladder
When does the gallbladder release bile?
When fat enters the duodenum
What is the erosion of stomach lining due to acid?
Gastric Ulcers
What causes gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter Pylori Infection
What causes the helicobacter pylori infection?
Low stomach acid and stress
What can you take to treat gastric ulcers?
You can take antacids and antibiotics
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Chronic heartburn
What 3 things cause gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Increased abdominal pressure pushing stomach acid into esophagus, low stomach acid, small intestine bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)
What can you do to treat small intestine bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)?
Reducing sugar intake
What is recommended that you take to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease?
Antacids
Does taking antacids help gastroesophageal reflux disease?
No, it makes it worse
What is difficult or infrequent bowel defecations called?
Constipation
What causes constipation?
Low water in stool, slow intestinal transit, and intestinal inflammation
What 5 things can you do to treat constipation?
- Increase the soluble fiber in your diet
- Take probiotic supplements
- Eating fermented foods
- Do an elimination diet
- Take laxatives
What is the increased fluidity and frequency of bowel movements called?
Diarrhea
What causes diarrhea?
Infectious agent, intestinal inflammation, and unbalanced microphobia
What is the main cause of diarrhea?
Unbalanced microphobia
What can you do to treat acute (strong) diarrhea?
Rehydrate
What 4 things can you do to treat diarrhea?
- Take antibiotics
- Take probiotics
- Do an elimination diet
- Reduce sugar intake
