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Human Nutrition > Human Body > Flashcards

Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in every process that occurs in the body?

A

Nutrients

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2
Q

What is the group of chemical reactions occurring in cells that maintain life?

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

What are reactions that serve to build larger molecules from smaller molecules?

A

Anabolic

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4
Q

Does anabolic require energy or release energy?

A

It requires energy

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5
Q

What are reactions that serve to break down larger molecules into smaller molecules?

A

Catabolic

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6
Q

Does catabolic require energy or release energy?

A

It releases energy

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7
Q

What allows the immune system and it’s major cells to move?

A

The Lymphatic System

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8
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the Lymphatic System?

A

The lymph, lymph vessels and nodes

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9
Q

What is one of the first things to be shut down in cases of nutrient insufficiency?

A

The Immune System

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10
Q

What provides a defense against pathogens?

A

The Immune System

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11
Q

What are the 6 major parts of the Immune System?

A

White blood cells, liver, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymphatics

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12
Q

What can be greatly influenced by nutritional status?

A

The Immune System

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13
Q

What are the 3 major parts of the Endocrine System?

A

The glands, pancreas, hypothalamus in the brain

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14
Q

What produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar?

A

The Endocrine

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15
Q

What produces digestive enzymes?

A

The Exocrine

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16
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

It regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other systems

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17
Q

The Endocrine System regulates metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other systems using what?

A

Hormonal Control

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18
Q

What are the 5 major parts of the Digestive System?

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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19
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the Digestive System?

A
  1. Physical and chemical processes of digestion
  2. Absorption of nutrients
  3. Elimination of solid waste
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20
Q

What does the Digestive System start with?

A

Chewing

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21
Q

What is the mechanical breakdown of large food pieces?

A

Chewing

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22
Q

What breaks down starches in the Digestive System?

A

Salivary amylase

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23
Q

What breaks down fats in the Digestive System?

A

Lingual lipase

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24
Q

What are the 5 taste receptor types?

A

Bitter, salty, sweet, sour and umami (savory)

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25
Q

What is the valve to our lungs called?

A

The Epiglottis

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26
Q

What uses muscular contractions to transport food to the stomach?

A

The Esophagus

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27
Q

What are large molecules that makes chemical reactions occur at a fast rate?

A

Enzymes

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28
Q

What is the starting material that the enzyme binds to called?

A

The Substrate

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29
Q

What is the ending material that the enzyme makes and releases called?

A

The Product

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30
Q

What does an Enzyme name always end in?

A

Ase

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31
Q

What is the name of the enzyme for sucrose?

A

Sucrase

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32
Q

What holds food until it’s ready to enter the small intestine?

A

The Stomach

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33
Q

What does chief cell release?

A

Pepsin

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34
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Hydrochloric Acid (HIC)

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35
Q

What do neck cells produce?

A

Mucus

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36
Q

What 2 things aid in the protection of the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric Acid and Mucus

37
Q

What does the stomach produce?

A

Chyme

38
Q

What is a watery mixture containing eaten food, digestive enzymes, HCl and mucus?

A

Chyme

39
Q

What is the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine called?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

40
Q

List the three segments of the Small Intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
41
Q

Where does chemical digestion occur in the small intestine?

A

In the duodenum

42
Q

Where does nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine?

A

In the jejunum and the ileum

43
Q

Fill in the Blank:

The duodenum receives chyme from the stomach that is very ______

A

Acedic

44
Q

What organ secretes substances into the duodenum?

A

The Pancreas

45
Q

What byproduct neutralizes acid in the pancreas?

A

Bicarbonate

46
Q

What organ produces bile?

A

The liver

47
Q

What organ secretes bile into the duodenum?

A

The Gallbladder

48
Q

What propels the digested food through the small intestine tract?

A

Peristalsis

49
Q

After the food makes its way through the small intestine where does it go?

A

The Large Intestine

50
Q

When the digested food makes it to the large intestine is the majority of digestion and absorption already done?

A

Yes

51
Q

What is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

Water, sodium, and potassium

52
Q

What houses trillions of bacteria and other microbes?

A

The colon

53
Q

List the 3 reasons why the gut microbiota is a vital component to our health

A
  1. It produces vitamins
  2. It helps digest our food
  3. It wards off pathogens
54
Q

What is a probiotic?

A

It’s bacteria

55
Q

What are beneficial living microorganisms often ingested as a supplement?

A

Probiotics

56
Q

What are polysaccharides that are indigested by human enzymes that are consumed by bacteria?

A

Prebiotics

57
Q

What is the combination of probiotics and prebiotics called?

A

Symbiotics

58
Q

What is the final portion of the large intestine and houses the feces until defecation?

A

The rectum

59
Q

What are the 2 sphincters that the anus has?

A
  1. Internal anal sphincter

2. External anal sphincter

60
Q

Do we have control of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, both, or none?

A

We have control of the external anal sphincter

61
Q

Do we not have control of the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, both, or none?

A

We don’t have control of the internal anal sphincter

62
Q

What 4 things is our feces composed of?

A

Undigested food, intestinal cells, bacteria, and water

63
Q

What percentage of the liver can be regenerated?

A

66%

64
Q

What organ converts fatty acids?

A

The liver

65
Q

What allows for the digestion of fat?

A

Bile

66
Q

What does the liver store to help regulate blood sugar?

A

Glycogen

67
Q

What 5 things does the liver produce?

A

Glycogen, sugar, fat, bile, and non-essential amino acids

68
Q

What does the liver produce sugar out of?

A

Amino Acids

69
Q

What does the liver produce fat from?

A

Excess sugar

70
Q

What organ stores and concentrates bile?

A

The gallbladder

71
Q

When does the gallbladder release bile?

A

When fat enters the duodenum

72
Q

What is the erosion of stomach lining due to acid?

A

Gastric Ulcers

73
Q

What causes gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter Pylori Infection

74
Q

What causes the helicobacter pylori infection?

A

Low stomach acid and stress

75
Q

What can you take to treat gastric ulcers?

A

You can take antacids and antibiotics

76
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A

Chronic heartburn

77
Q

What 3 things cause gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

Increased abdominal pressure pushing stomach acid into esophagus, low stomach acid, small intestine bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)

78
Q

What can you do to treat small intestine bacteria overgrowth (SIBO)?

A

Reducing sugar intake

79
Q

What is recommended that you take to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

Antacids

80
Q

Does taking antacids help gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

No, it makes it worse

81
Q

What is difficult or infrequent bowel defecations called?

A

Constipation

82
Q

What causes constipation?

A

Low water in stool, slow intestinal transit, and intestinal inflammation

83
Q

What 5 things can you do to treat constipation?

A
  1. Increase the soluble fiber in your diet
  2. Take probiotic supplements
  3. Eating fermented foods
  4. Do an elimination diet
  5. Take laxatives
84
Q

What is the increased fluidity and frequency of bowel movements called?

A

Diarrhea

85
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

Infectious agent, intestinal inflammation, and unbalanced microphobia

86
Q

What is the main cause of diarrhea?

A

Unbalanced microphobia

87
Q

What can you do to treat acute (strong) diarrhea?

A

Rehydrate

88
Q

What 4 things can you do to treat diarrhea?

A
  1. Take antibiotics
  2. Take probiotics
  3. Do an elimination diet
  4. Reduce sugar intake

Human Nutrition (21 decks)

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