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human nutrition > Nutrients in Immunity > Flashcards

Nutrients in Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major components of the immune system?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
  3. White blood cells (WBCs)
  4. Lymphoid tissue
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2
Q

What is a nearly continuous barrier to invading pathogens?

A

Skin

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells (WBCs)?

A
  1. Phagocytes

2. T and B cells

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4
Q

Which type of white blood cell ingests and digests pathogens?

A

Phagocytes

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5
Q

Which type of white blood cell is a lymphocyte that recognizes specific pathogens and mounts immune responses?

A

T and B cells

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6
Q

What are the 3 lymphoid tissues in the body?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
  3. Spleen
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7
Q

Which lymphoid tissue produces immune stem cells?

A

The bone marrow

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8
Q

Which lymphoid tissue is the location of T cell maturation?

A

The thymus

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9
Q

Which lymphoid tissue has an abundance of macrophages?

A

The spleen

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10
Q

What percentage of the immune system does the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) make up?

A

70%

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11
Q

What is an anti-bacteria agent?

A

Lysozyme

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12
Q

What does the skin secrete?

A

Lysozyme

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13
Q

Which lymphoid tissue is the site of B cell maturation?

A

The bone marrow

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14
Q

Which lymphoid tissue clears damaged RBCs?

A

The spleen

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15
Q

What are rapidly dividing cells in the body?

A

Immune cells

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16
Q

Which nutrients are needed to maintain immune cells?

A

Protein, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12 and iron

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17
Q

Which 2 vitamins work together to regulate gene expression in immune cells?

A

Vitamin D and vitamin A

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18
Q

Which vitamin promotes immune cell division?

A

Vitamin D

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19
Q

Why are antioxidants important to the health of WBCs?

A

They protect the oxidizing agents that kill pathogens

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20
Q

True vitamin A is only found in what type of food?

A

Animal food

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21
Q

What is the molecule that is found in plant foods that can be converted to vitamin A?

A

Carotenoids

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22
Q

How effective is the conversion of carotenoids?

A

Not effective

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23
Q

What are animal sources of true vitamin A?

A

Liver, egg yolks and full fat dairy

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24
Q

What are plant sources of true vitamin A?

A

Carrots and sweet potatoes

25
Q

What percentage of carotenoids is effectively converted in true vitamin A?

A

10%

26
Q

What does vitamin A help skin cells become?

A

Mature, functional cells

27
Q

What does Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

The breakdown of protective barriers

28
Q

Why is vitamin A referred to as the “anti-infection” vitamin?

A

It supports the activity of T cells to fight off bacteria and it improves vaccine efficacy

29
Q

What is the role of zinc in immunity?

A

It’s vital for WBC formation and function

30
Q

What are 3 other functions of zinc in the body?

A
  1. DNA synthesis and function
  2. Protein metabolism, wound healing, growth
  3. Development of sexual organs and bones
31
Q

Where was zinc deficiency first recognized?

A

Egypt

32
Q

What type of food was being eaten that created a zinc deficiency?

A

Unleavened bread

33
Q

What were 2 of the symptoms of zinc deficiency in children?

A

Delayed growth and poor sexual development

34
Q

What were 5 of the symptoms of zinc deficiency in adults?

A

Rash, diarrhea, appetite loss, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity

35
Q

What are some food sources of zinc?

A

Anything with animal protein in it

36
Q

How many enzymes require zinc as a cofactor?

A

Nearly 200

37
Q

What was the unleavened bread high in?

A

Phytic acid

38
Q

What is part of the rhodopsin protein that allows vision?

A

Vitamin A

39
Q

What did Egyptians use to treat night blindness?

A

Liver juice

40
Q

What is dry eye also known as?

A

Xeropthalmia

41
Q

How can xeropthalmia lead to eventual blindness?

A

The cells in your eye can’t produce enough mucus to clean off your eye, which causes the eye to get so scratch that people go blind

42
Q

What is an example of a food that is high in zinc?

A

Oysters

43
Q

How can a vitamin A deficiency effect vision?

A

It can cause night blindness

44
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

45
Q

What is when the immune system becomes “trained” to identify which substances are benign and which are hazardous?

A

Oral tolerance

46
Q

What are 4 diseases of the gut that result from poor oral tolerance?

A

Food allergy, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and celiac disease

47
Q

What are 4 whole-body diseases that can result from poor oral tolerance?

A

Lupus, MS, arthritis and CVD

48
Q

What helps establish beneficial microbial populations?

A

Breastfeeding

49
Q

What does formula milk lack?

A

Milk fiber for bacteria, immune factors and cells

50
Q

Does breastfeeding or formula milk create an anti-inflammatory environment?

A

Breastfeeding

51
Q

Does breastfeeding or formula milk contains inflammatory components?

A

Formula milk

52
Q

Does breastfeeding or formula milk contain many different immune cells, factors and proteins to “train” infant immune system?

A

Breastfeeding

53
Q

Does breastfeeding or formula milk contain proteins that are difficult to digest?

A

Formula milk

54
Q

Do breastfed or formula fed infants have better health outcomes as adults?

A

Breastfed infants

55
Q

What protects our bodies against foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses?

A

Inflammation

56
Q

What is your bodies response to an injury?

A

Inflammation

57
Q

Which foods in the diet are the most inflammatory?

A

Vegetable oil, sugar, grains and processed foods

58
Q

Which foods are the most anti-inflammatory?

A

Fish and other seafood, grass-fed meat, dairy and eggs, and fruits and veggies

human nutrition (21 decks)

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