Protein and Amino Acids (15)

Question 1

What are proteins?

Answer 1

chains of amino acids

Question 2

essential amino acids

Answer 2

not produced sufficiently by body (9 total)

Question 3

non-essential amino acids

Answer 3

produced in sufficient amounts by body (11 total)

Question 4

How many amino acids do humans need?

Answer 4

20

Question 5

How does denaturation of proteins occur?

Answer 5

exposure to heat, acids, bases, alcohol

Question 6

Good denaturation

Answer 6

-cooked eggs
-stomach acid opens protein structure for digestion

Question 7

Bad denaturation

Answer 7

-fevers
-heavy metals can destroy body proteins (corrosive actions)

Question 8

Role of HCl in digestion

Answer 8

-unfolds proteins in stomach
-converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 9

Role of pepsin in digestion

Answer 9

-cleaves (breaks) large polypeptides into smaller polypeptides

Question 10

Role of pancreatic proteases

Answer 10

-break polypeptides into smaller structures in small intestine

Question 11

Role of intestinal di/tri-peptidases

Answer 11

-complete breakdown into amino acids in intestine

Question 12

Where are amino acids absorbed?

Answer 12

into the blood stream

Question 13

what is protein used for in the body?

Answer 13

-building material
-maintenance of osmotic pressure
-synthesis of substances (hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones)

Question 14

How is glucose stored?

Answer 14

glycogen

Question 15

How is fat stored?

Answer 15

triglyceride

Question 16

How is protein stored?

Answer 16

Cannot be! Excess protein consumed out

Question 17

What is a significant property of (some) amino acids in starvation?

Answer 17

Can be converted into glucose

Question 18

Digestibility % of dietary protein

Answer 18

-animal (>90%)
-legume (80%) beans, lentils
-grains/plants (60-90%)

Question 19

complete proteins

Answer 19

-contains all the essential amino acids
-meat, fish, poultry, cheese, eggs, milk, many soybean products

Question 20

incomplete proteins

Answer 20

-lack some essential amino acids
-plants (beans, nuts)

Question 21

grains do not contain sufficient…

Answer 21

lysine (liars those farmers)

Question 22

legumes do not contain sufficient…

Answer 22

methionine (do beans taste good after meth?)

Question 23

what are complementary proteins?

Answer 23

grains and legumes together (complete protein)

Question 24

dietary protein requirements in population

Answer 24

-sedentary (0.8g/kg)
-strength maintenance (1.2-1.4)
-strength gain (1.6-1.8)
-endurance (1.2-1.4)
-weight restricted (1.4-1.8)
-infant (6 month) (2.2)
-child (1-6) (1.2)

Question 25

who may be in a positive nitrogen balance (retain more than excrete)

Answer 25

-growing child
-pregnant women
-person building muscle

Question 26

who may be in nitrogen equilibrium

Answer 26

normal healthy individuals

Question 27

who may be in negative nitrogen balance (lose more than take in)

Answer 27

-trauma patient
-astronaut
(loosing tissue)

Question 28

Danger of individual AA supplements

Answer 28

-may be contaminated
-interfere with other EAA absorption

Question 29

whey protein

Answer 29

-20% whey and 80% casein
-generally good

Question 30

can eating extra protein make muscles grow larger?

Answer 30

-NO, sufficient is necessary, excess may lead to body fat

Question 31

Kwashiorkor

Answer 31

-protein deficiency
-swelling in limbs and stomach
-devastating wasting
-“moon face” and edema (swelling)

Question 32

Marasmus

Answer 32

-protein and calorie deficiency
-extreme emaciation (abnormally thin/weak)
-“m”ore (protein and calorie)

Question 33

danger of protein excess

Answer 33

1) high fat (red meat)
2) high protein results in Ca loss in urine
3) dehyrdation