Cancer (22)! Flashcards
Leading cause of death from cancer in Canada
1) lung
2) sex related (prostate/breast)
3) colon and rectum
What are the stages of cancer development?
1) initiation
2) promotion
3) progression
4) metastasis
Initiation
-carcinogen
-permanent genetic change in cell
How does our normal immune system combat cancer progression?
-usually repairs/kills damaged DNA
Promotion
-the initiated cells divide and accumulate
-large amount of daughter cells w/ mutation
Progression
-transformation from benign tumor to neoplasm
-further mutation w/ metastatic potential
Metastasis
-invade surrounding tissues and/or spread
Factors affecting cancer development
1) genetic factors
2) immune factors (ineffective- may not recognize tumor as foreign)
3) environmental factors
4) dietary factors (initiators, promoters, anti-promoters)
Class 1 Carcinogen classifications
1: carcinogenic to humans
2A: probably carcinogenic to humans
2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans
3: unclassifiable
4: probably not carcinogenic
Common initiators
-pesticides at high doses
-nitrosamines
-alcohol
-processed meats
Common promoters
-excess dietary fat
-omega 6 fatty acids
-fat used to deep fry foods for too long
Common antipromoters
-fruits and vegetables
-fibre
-phytochemicals
Recommendations for reducing cancer risk:
-select foods low in fat and salt
-prepare foods safely
Low fat and salt recommendations
-limit fatty foods of animal origin
-limit red meat to 3 portions a week
-modest amount of vegetable oil
-limit salted foods
Recommendations for safe food prep
-do not eat charred food
-consume meat/fish grilled in a direct flame only occasionally
