Diabetes (13) Flashcards
Simple definition: gestational diabetes
-resistance to insulin only during pregnancy
-treatment with individualized diet and exercise plan
Simple definition: Type 1
-deficiency of insulin diagnosed early (childhood, <40)
-treatment with insulin, ,diet and exercise
Simple definition: Type 2
-lifestyle related
-treatment is weight reduction and medications
Symptoms of poorly controlled, untreated diabetes
blurred vision, frequent urination, weight loss (Type 1), increased susceptibility to infection, slow healing sores, extreme hunger and thirst
Long term damage from poor controlled diabetes may contribute to…
-heart disease and stroke
-kidney damage (nephropathy)
-blindness (retinopathy)
-nerve damage (neuropathy)
-loss of limbs (poor circulation)
-Alzheimer’s disease
What are some risks of babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes
-macrosomia (large baby >4kg/8lb)
-greater risk for diabetes later in life
-physical abnormality (cleft palate/club foot/heart defects)
-blood glucose control problems after delivery
Why is type 1 diabetes considered an autoimmune condition/
destroys pancreatic beta-cells that produce insulin
Environmental triggers for type 1
-not solely breastfeeding for first four months
-early exposure to cows milk proteins
-vitamin D deficiency
-early exposure to gluten
-certain viruses
-gut microbiota
Managing type 1 diabetes
-insulin injections
-automated pump
-islet (kidney) transplant
-diet
-exercise
glycemic index value
blood glucose elevation caused by 50 grams of food, compared to the elevation caused by eating 50 grams of glucose
Low-glycemic index foods…
decrease insulin requirements in type 2 diabetes
High GI foods
glucose, french bread, rice krispies, sticky rice
Low GI foods
all-bran, yogurt, milk, hummus
Is prediabetes reversible?
Yes, below 7mmol/L
Reasoning for type 2 diabetes
-pancreas becomes exhausted from over-work and insulin production slows or stops
-when fasting blood glucose levels reach 7 mmol/L or higher
