Pregnancy, Infancy (29)! Flashcards
What is considered low birth weight?
<2500 g (5.5lbs)
What is considered a pre-term baby?
<37 weeks of pregnancy
Lowest infant mortality occurs within what weight range?
3000-3500g or (6.6-7.7lb)
What is considered the critical period of fetal development?
-cells of tissue/organ are genetically programed to multiply (cannot correct for deficiencies later)
At what week does the central nervous system start to develop?
2 weeks! Likely before the mother even realizes she is pregnant
Generic order of fetal system development
1) central nervous system
2) heart
3) ears, eyes, legs and arms
4) teeth, palate
5) external genitalia
What event contributed to the developmental origins hypothesis?
-Dutch Hunger Winter (1944-1945)
-lower birth weight, increased risk of diabetes and obesity as adults
Should artificial sweeteners be consumed during pregnancy?
No inherently harmful, but increases in weight and insulin resistance have been observed
What effect does antibiotics have on baby development?
-increases in weight gain
-can be counteracted w/ prebiotics
Expected weight gain for 4 categories: underweight, normal, overweight, obese
Underweight (28-40lbs)
Normal (24-35lbs)
Overweight (15-25lbs)
Obesity (15-20lbs)
Increases in caloric intake during trimesters:
1st: +0 kcal/d
2nd: +340 kcal/d
3rd: +450kcal/d
Nutrients pregnant women should aim to include in diet
-folate, iron, calcium
What does adequate folate intake prevent?
-neural tube defects
What amount of folate is recommended and when
600ug daily before and during pregnancy
Encephalocele
-brain bulge
Spina bifida
-spinal bulge
-likely survivable w/ surgery
Anencephaly
-likely fatal
-facial and neural deformations (deeper problems)
What is the DRI (daily recommended intake) of iron during pregnancy?
27mg/day
What are potential adverse effects for child w/ low iron
-memory/processing disorders, intellectual disability, iron deficiency
Potential maternal risks w/ low iron
-preterm labor, hemorrhage, high BP,
What is calcium needed for?
-mineralization of bones in fetus
-replenish maternal bones
Vitamin a
a) too much?
b) too little?
a) fetal malformations (face/heart)
b) poor fetal growth
-5000 IU/day
Vitamin D issues
-below 600 IU may compromise fetal growth and development
Which vitamins are recommended for all pregnant women?
-iron
-folate
Do not drink during pregnancy-
fetal alcohol syndrome (permanent condition)
Recommendations for morning sickness:
-get up slowly, eat dry toast/crackers, chem gum/suck hard candy, eat small, but frequent meals, avoid foods w/ offensive odors, when nauseated DO NOT drink citrus juice, water, milk, coffee, or tea (just go w/ gingerale)
How to avoid constipation and hemorrhoids
-fiber
-exercise
-liquids
How to avoid heartburn
-relax and eat slow, small, frequent
-avoid spicy/greasy
-elevate head when sleeping
-walk around
High risk factors
-over/underweight mother, maternal weight gain and nutrition, socioeconomic status, lifestyle habits, age, previous pregnancies, maternal health
Infants have higher heart rates, respiratory rates and energy needs. What energy recommendations?
100 kcal/kg (as opposed to adult <40)
What is breastmilk higher in than normal diets?
Fat
Breastmilk composition
(6%) protein
(55%) fat
(39%) carbohydrate
Adult diet composition
(12%) protein
(30%) fat
(58%) carbohydrate
For how long should a child’s diet be solely breastmilk?
first 6 months of life
When can cow’s milk be introduced?
9-12 months of age
When can solid foods be introduced?
about 6 months
Order of solid food introduction
-iron fortified cereal
-pureed vegetables and fruits
When can babies process to family foods?
12 months
What is the revised way to introduce common allergens?
-slowly and orally
-want to avoid later intolerance
