Pregnancy, Infancy (29)!

Question 1

What is considered low birth weight?

Answer 1

<2500 g (5.5lbs)

Question 2

What is considered a pre-term baby?

Answer 2

<37 weeks of pregnancy

Question 3

Lowest infant mortality occurs within what weight range?

Answer 3

3000-3500g or (6.6-7.7lb)

Question 4

What is considered the critical period of fetal development?

Answer 4

-cells of tissue/organ are genetically programed to multiply (cannot correct for deficiencies later)

Question 5

At what week does the central nervous system start to develop?

Answer 5

2 weeks! Likely before the mother even realizes she is pregnant

Question 6

Generic order of fetal system development

Answer 6

1) central nervous system
2) heart
3) ears, eyes, legs and arms
4) teeth, palate
5) external genitalia

Question 7

What event contributed to the developmental origins hypothesis?

Answer 7

-Dutch Hunger Winter (1944-1945)
-lower birth weight, increased risk of diabetes and obesity as adults

Question 8

Should artificial sweeteners be consumed during pregnancy?

Answer 8

No inherently harmful, but increases in weight and insulin resistance have been observed

Question 9

What effect does antibiotics have on baby development?

Answer 9

-increases in weight gain
-can be counteracted w/ prebiotics

Question 10

Expected weight gain for 4 categories: underweight, normal, overweight, obese

Answer 10

Underweight (28-40lbs)
Normal (24-35lbs)
Overweight (15-25lbs)
Obesity (15-20lbs)

Question 11

Increases in caloric intake during trimesters:

Answer 11

1st: +0 kcal/d
2nd: +340 kcal/d
3rd: +450kcal/d

Question 12

Nutrients pregnant women should aim to include in diet

Answer 12

-folate, iron, calcium

Question 13

What does adequate folate intake prevent?

Answer 13

-neural tube defects

Question 14

What amount of folate is recommended and when

Answer 14

600ug daily before and during pregnancy

Question 15

Encephalocele

Answer 15

-brain bulge

Question 16

Spina bifida

Answer 16

-spinal bulge
-likely survivable w/ surgery

Question 17

Anencephaly

Answer 17

-likely fatal
-facial and neural deformations (deeper problems)

Question 18

What is the DRI (daily recommended intake) of iron during pregnancy?

Answer 18

27mg/day

Question 19

What are potential adverse effects for child w/ low iron

Answer 19

-memory/processing disorders, intellectual disability, iron deficiency

Question 20

Potential maternal risks w/ low iron

Answer 20

-preterm labor, hemorrhage, high BP,

Question 21

What is calcium needed for?

Answer 21

-mineralization of bones in fetus
-replenish maternal bones

Question 22

Vitamin a
a) too much?
b) too little?

Answer 22

a) fetal malformations (face/heart)
b) poor fetal growth
-5000 IU/day

Question 23

Vitamin D issues

Answer 23

-below 600 IU may compromise fetal growth and development

Question 24

Which vitamins are recommended for all pregnant women?

Answer 24

-iron
-folate

Question 25

Do not drink during pregnancy-

Answer 25

fetal alcohol syndrome (permanent condition)

Question 26

Recommendations for morning sickness:

Answer 26

-get up slowly, eat dry toast/crackers, chem gum/suck hard candy, eat small, but frequent meals, avoid foods w/ offensive odors, when nauseated DO NOT drink citrus juice, water, milk, coffee, or tea (just go w/ gingerale)

Question 27

How to avoid constipation and hemorrhoids

Answer 27

-fiber -exercise -liquids

Question 28

How to avoid heartburn

Answer 28

-relax and eat slow, small, frequent -avoid spicy/greasy -elevate head when sleeping -walk around

Question 29

High risk factors

Answer 29

-over/underweight mother, maternal weight gain and nutrition, socioeconomic status, lifestyle habits, age, previous pregnancies, maternal health

Question 30

Infants have higher heart rates, respiratory rates and energy needs. What energy recommendations?

Answer 30

100 kcal/kg (as opposed to adult <40)

Question 31

What is breastmilk higher in than normal diets?

Answer 31

Fat

Question 32

Breastmilk composition

Answer 32

(6%) protein (55%) fat (39%) carbohydrate

Question 33

Adult diet composition

Answer 33

(12%) protein (30%) fat (58%) carbohydrate

Question 34

For how long should a child's diet be solely breastmilk?

Answer 34

first 6 months of life

Question 35

When can cow's milk be introduced?

Answer 35

9-12 months of age

Question 36

When can solid foods be introduced?

Answer 36

about 6 months

Question 37

Order of solid food introduction

Answer 37

-iron fortified cereal -pureed vegetables and fruits

Question 38

When can babies process to family foods?

Answer 38

12 months

Question 39

What is the revised way to introduce common allergens?

Answer 39

-slowly and orally -want to avoid later intolerance