Properties of Living systems

Question 1

what are the 8 characteristics of organisms

Answer 1

1. Highly organized
2. have genetic program
3. grow and develop
4. respond to stimuli
5. maintain homeostasis
6. process energy
7. can reproduce
8. adapt to environment

Question 2

Organisms have complex organization; cell is the basic unit of life; cam be uni or multicellular; assemble macromolecules

Answer 2

Living things are highly organized

Question 3

Storing of genetic information in DNA and can be passed on from parent to offspring

Answer 3

Living things have a genetic program

Question 4

All organisms pass through a life cycle and the instructions for development are found in the genes

Answer 4

Living organisms grow and develop

Question 5

Organisms respond to their environment; life cannot be separated from the environment

Answer 5

Living things respond to stimuli

Question 6

Cells need appropriate conditions to function properly; How do organisms maintain constant internal conditions?

Answer 6

Living things maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis

Question 7

organisms undergo chemical changes to maintain life; acquire nutrients from environment to sustain themselves; What has all the essential biochemical processes for cells to maintain life?

Answer 7

Living things process energy
Metabolism

Question 8

organisms give rise to offspring similar to themselves; what is the passing on from traits to off spring? and what is the production of differences among traits across individuals?

Answer 8

Living things reproduce
Heredity
Variation

Question 9

Traits that confer advantages become more common in a population; what do you call the interaction between heredity and variation?

Answer 9

Living things adapt to their environment
Evolution

Question 10

What are the characteristics of animals

Answer 10

1. Multicellular eukaryotes
2. Lack cell walls
3. Heterotrophic
4. Most are motile
5. Most have tissues

Question 11

What do you call animals who have tissue level organization or higher?

Answer 11

Eumetazoans

Question 12

What are the 4 Macromolecules?

Answer 12

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids

Question 13

What mainly functions as structural elements and chemical energy sources and are the most abundant?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates

Question 14

What is a simple sugar, a monomer, and has a single carbon molecule chain? give examples

Answer 14

Monosaccharides
1. glucose
2. galactose
3. fructose

Question 15

What is a monosaccharide and is a key organic compound that typically forms a chain but forms a cyclic compound in water

Answer 15

Glucose

Question 16

What is formed by two simple sugars (monosaccharides) by a shared molecule? give examples

Answer 16

Disaccharides
1. sucrose
2. lactose
3. maltose

Question 17

What has long chains of monosaccharides (polymers)? give examples

Answer 17

Polysaccharides
1. Starch
2. Chitin
3. Glycogen
4. Cellulose

Question 18

What polysaccharide is an important structural component of arthropod exoskeletons?

Answer 18

Chitin

Question 19

What polysaccharide stores sugar in animals?

Answer 19

Glycogen

Question 20

What are fat and fatlike substances with low polarity and insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents?

Answer 20

Lipids

Question 21

What is a true fat used for energy storage composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

Answer 21

Triglycerides

Question 22

What component in triglyceride has 2 Hydrogen per 1 Carbon, solid at room temp, common in animals

Answer 22

Saturated fat

Question 23

What component in triglycerides have 2 or more carbons double bonded, liquid at room temperature and more common in plant oils?

Answer 23

Unsaturated fats

Question 24

What is the main component of molecular organization in tissues and is similar to triglycerides except it has 2 fatty acid chains, one phosphate group, and an organic base, and is amphiphilic?

Answer 24

Phospholipids

Question 25

What are complex alcohols that are structurally unlike fats but have fat-like properties?

Answer 25

Steroids

Question 26

It is composed of amino acids linked in one ore more chains

Answer 26

Proteins

Question 27

How are proteins linked?

Answer 27

Peptide bonds

Question 28

What group of proteins are linked and how?

Answer 28

Carboxyl covalently linked to amino

Question 29

True or false: Thousands of amino acids can be linked in the same chain

Answer 29

True

Question 30

How many different amino acids are there?

Answer 30

20

Question 31

How many levels of structural organization do proteins have?

Answer 31

4

Question 32

What is the sequence of amino acids?

Answer 32

Primary Structure

Question 33

What has recurring structural patterns in the amino acid chain formed by varying bond angles?

Answer 33

Secondary Structure

Question 34

What has a complex and stable 3D structure formed by the bends and folds?

Answer 34

Tertiary Structure

Question 35

What are proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

Answer 35

Quaternary Structure

Question 36

What are the two functions of proteins?

Answer 36

Structural framework of cells and cellular components and Enzymes

Question 37

What are the biological catalysts for various chemical reactions in the organism

Answer 37

Enzymes

Question 38

What are complex polymers made of nucleotides and encode genetic information for biological inheritance

Answer 38

Nucleic acids

Question 39

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

Answer 39

Purines: Adenine, Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Question 40

What are the Purine-Pyrimidine binds?

Answer 40

Adenine-Thymine/Uracil Guanine-Cytosine

Question 41

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

Answer 41

DNA and RNA

Question 42

What is double stranded; antiparallel, and stores genetic information but does not directly participate in protein synthesis?

Answer 42

DNA

Question 43

What is single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine?

Answer 43

RNA

Question 44

What are the steps to the central dogma?

Answer 44

1. Replication 2. Transcription 3. Translation

Question 45

What occurs in the nucleus and DNA is precisely copied by DNA polymerase and each daughter cell receives identical DNA strands?

Answer 45

Replication

Question 46

What occurs in the nucleus and the RNA polymerase transcribes triplet codes (codon) into mRNA where Uracil substitutes Thymine?

Answer 46

Transcription

Question 47

What occurs in the ribosomes found in the cytoplasm and the ribosomes move along the mRNA and tRNA adds amino acid that corresponds to the codon?

Answer 47

Translation

Question 48

where were organic molecules synthesized from?

Answer 48

Abiotic chemical Reactions

Question 49

What were the hypothetical conditions of the early Earth?

Answer 49

1. Lots of water 2. Chemically reducing atmosphere (low amounts of molecular oxygen)

Question 50

What experiment simulated these hypothetical early Earth conditions?

Answer 50

Miller-Urey Experiment

Question 51

What did the stages in the Miller-Urey Experiment lead too?

Answer 51

1. Set up resulted in formation of simple organic molecules 2. Chemical evolution involved polymers formed by monomers by dehydration reactions

Question 52

What happens in aqueous solutions?

Answer 52

Amphiphilic molecules form membrane-bound vesicles with organic solutes concentrated within the vesicles

Question 53

True or false: Natural selection could occur once replication began

Answer 53

True

Question 54

What were most likely the early replicators?

Answer 54

RNA due to its catalytic properties including self-replication