Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora

Question 1

What porifera is sessile, aquatic filter feeders and most are marine, few are freshwater and heavily rely on water for feeding, gas exchange, and excretion?

Answer 1

Sponges

Question 2

In a sponge, what is a large chamber in the center where water enters through numerous pores and exits through a large opening?

Answer 2

Spongocoel

Question 3

In a sponge, what is the large opening called where water exits?

Answer 3

Osculum

Question 4

In a sponge, what is a jelly-like substance that separates the outer layer of cells from the choanocytes?

Answer 4

Mesohyl

Question 5

In the Sponge mesohyl, what does it contain that transports substances?

Answer 5

Amoeboid cells

Question 6

In the Sponge mesohyl, what gets produced by the amoeboid cells and are mineralized structures that make up the sponges “skeleton”

Answer 6

Spongin and spicules

Question 7

Between spongin and spicules, which helps distinguish different classes of sponge?

Answer 7

Spicules

Question 8

What cell in sponges are flagellated cells surrounded by a collar and are used for feeding and reproduction?

Answer 8

Choanocytes

Question 9

What are choanocytes similar in structure to and are solitary or colonial aquatic eukaryotes, closely related to animals and may be similar to the common ancestor of all animals?

Answer 9

Choanoflagellates

Question 10

What cell in sponges are amoeboid cells that move in the meoshyl and perform several functions?

Answer 10

Archaeocytes

Question 11

What arechaeocyte secrete spicules?

Answer 11

Sclerocytes

Question 12

What archaeocytes secrete spongin?

Answer 12

Spongocytes

Question 13

What cell in sponges are thin and flat that form the pinacoderm and is the closest in form to true tissues and can ingest particles through phagocytosis and regulate the sponge’s surface area?

Answer 13

Pinacocytes

Question 14

How do sponges digest where food particles are trapped in mucus secreted by the collar of the choanocytes and are ingested by phagocytosis and the food particles need to be smaller than individual cells?

Answer 14

Intracellularly

Question 15

What process helps the sponge’s cells and the water outside to facilitated certain processes?

Answer 15

Diffusion

Question 16

What processes do diffusion help in a sponge?

Answer 16

Gas exchange, circulation and excretion

Question 17

In reproduction, what are the two ways sponges can reproduce?

Answer 17

Asexually and Sexually

Question 18

How do sponges reproduce asexually?

Answer 18

Budding or fragmentation

Question 19

Are sponges monoecious or dioecious?

Answer 19

Monoecious

Question 20

Where do egg cells arise from?

Answer 20

Amoebocytes

Question 21

Where do sperm cells arise from?

Answer 21

Choanocytes

Question 22

Sponge larvae are _____

Answer 22

free-swimming

Question 23

What kind of sponge have spicules made up of calcium carbonate, and are usually needle shape having 3 to 4 rays, are small, and entirely marine?

Answer 23

Calcarea

Question 24

What kind of sponge is also known as a glass sponge and the skeleton is composed of 6-rayed siliceous spicules and are often cylindrical or funnel shaped, all marine and prefer deep water?

Answer 24

Hexactinellida

Question 25

What kind of sponge is the large group (~95%) and spicules are siliceous but not 6-rayed and majority are marine and one family in freshwater and are varied in shapes?

Answer 25

Demospongiae

Question 26

What kind of sponge is formerly classified under demospongiae, its pinacoderm has a basal lamina which are not true tissue due to lack of desmosomes and some lack spicules entirely?

Answer 26

Homoscleromorpha

Question 27

What are radially symmetric animals, nearly all marine, contain stinging cells, have true tissue and reproduce sexually or asexually?

Answer 27

Cnidaria

Question 28

What are the specialized stinging cells around the mouth in cnidaria called?

Answer 28

Cnidocytes

Question 29

True or False: Cnidarians are diploblastic and do not contain true organs/organ systems

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What body plans of cnidarians is adapted for sessile/sedentary life, most have tubular bodies and may produce asexually?

Answer 30

Polyp

Question 31

In polyps, how can they asexually reproduce?

Answer 31

budding, fission, or pedal laceration (latter two more common in sea anemones)

Question 32

What kind of asexual reproduction occurs in polyps that are colonial or clonal?

Answer 32

Budding

Question 33

In colonial cnidarians, what are polyps called as?

Answer 33

Zooids

Question 34

What zooid is feeding?

Answer 34

Gastrozooids

Question 35

What zooid is reproduction?

Answer 35

Gonozooids

Question 36

What body plans of cnidarians is usually free-swimming, has a bell/umbrella shape body where the mouth is usually centered under the bell and have sensory structures for orientation and light reception?

Answer 36

Medusa

Question 37

In a cnidarians life cycle, what does the zygote develop into that attached to a substrate and then metamorphs into a polyp?

Answer 37

Planula

Question 38

A life cycle with both poly and medusa allows cnidarians to occupy what kind of evironments?

Answer 38

Pelagic and benthic

Question 39

In cnidarians, what do cnidocytes produce?

Answer 39

cnidae

Question 40

What kind of cnidae administer toxins for feeding and defense?

Answer 40

Nematocysts

Question 41

How are cnidocytes triggered?

Answer 41

Tactile simulation

Question 42

What serves as the trigger in all cnidarians except anthozoa?

Answer 42

Cnidocil

Question 43

How are the barbs in cnidocytes fired?

Answer 43

Extremely high osmotic pressure that generate hydrostatic pressure

Question 44

In cnidarians, what is the incomplete gut, often branched or divided with septa and the opening is surrounded by tentacles and shared in colonial cnidarians?

Answer 44

Gastrovascular cavity

Question 45

How do cnidarians digest food where it is taken into the gastrovascular cavity and enzymes are secreted to digest the food, nutrients are absorbed by the cells lining the cavity?

Answer 45

Extracellularly

Question 46

In cnidarians, how do processes occur between the cells and the water in the environment?

Answer 46

Diffusion

Question 47

In cnidarians, what processes do diffusion help in?

Answer 47

Gas exchange and excretion

Question 48

In cnidarians, what is the outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis called?

Answer 48

Body wall

Question 49

In the body wall, what is in between outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis that is jelly-like with an extracellular matrix?

Answer 49

Mesoglea

Question 50

In cnidarians, how are nerve cells organized?

Answer 50

nerve net

Question 51

In cnidarians, what are groups of nerve that house sensory receptors?

Answer 51

Rhopalia

Question 52

What class of cnidarian are solitary or colonial organisms with a dominant polyp form?

Answer 52

Hydrozoa (Hydra)

Question 53

What kind of hydrozoa uses an inflated polyp to float on the water's surface?

Answer 53

Portugese Man'O War

Question 54

What kind of hydrozoa can revert back to the polyp stage of their development in response to damage or starvation?

Answer 54

Immortal Jellyfish (turritopsis)

Question 55

For immortal jellyfish, what is the reverting back to polyp stage called?

Answer 55

Transdifferentiation

Question 56

What class of cnidarian are true jellyfishes, dominant medusa form with bell-like shape and margin of the bell has 8 notches with rhopalia?

Answer 56

Scyohozoa (Cup animals)

Question 57

What class of cnidarian is a box jellyfish, dominant medusa stage that is box-shaped rather than bell-shaped where each corner of the umbrella has a tentacle or tentacles hanging from a pedalium?

Answer 57

Cubozoa (Box animals)

Question 58

What kind of Cubuzoa are small and highly venomous?

Answer 58

Irukandji jellyfish

Question 59

what does getting stung by the Irukandji jellyfish cause?

Answer 59

Irukandji syndrome

Question 60

What are the symptoms of Irukandju syndrome?

Answer 60

1. Excruciating muscle pain 2. Increased heart rate 3. anxiety

Question 61

What class of cnidarians are flower-like polyps, do not have a medusa stage, can be solitary or colonial and have 3 subclasses?

Answer 61

Anthozoa (flower animals)

Question 62

What subclass of anthozoa contains sea anemones and hard/true corals?

Answer 62

Hexacorallia

Question 63

What is the bodyplan of hexacorallia where the structures are in multiples of 6?

Answer 63

Hexamerous

Question 64

What Hexacorillia are large polyps where the gastrovascular cavity is divided into 6 chambers by 6 pairs of mesenteries and the form mutualistic relationships with several organisms?

Answer 64

Sea anemones (Actinaria)

Question 65

What organisms do sea anemones have a mutualistic relationship with?

Answer 65

hermit crabs, clownfish

Question 66

What kind of Hexacorillia has anemone-like polyps living in calcium carbonate exoskeleton where the epidermis at the base secretes the exoskeleton?

Answer 66

True corals (scleractinia)

Question 67

What subclass of anthozoa has unpaired mesenteries and can be solitary (tube anemones) or colonial (black corals)

Answer 67

Ceriantipatharia

Question 68

What subclass of anthozoa has soft gorgonian corals, octomerous body plan (structures of 8)

Answer 68

Octocorallia

Question 69

In octocorallia, all colonial and their gastrovascular cavities of each poly are connected by a series of tubes called what?

Answer 69

Solenia

Question 70

What are large formations of limestone in shallow, tropical seas deposited by organisms over thousands of years?

Answer 70

Coral reefs

Question 71

How are limestone structures formed?

Answer 71

Reef-building (hermatypic) corals and coralline algae

Question 72

What coral require warm temperatures, light, and high salinity?

Answer 72

Hermatypic corals

Question 73

What mutualistic dinoflagellates (hermatypic coral) need light?

Answer 73

Zooxanthellae

Question 74

What occurs when the loss of zooxanthellae turns corals white and brittle and climate change drives this event where high temps damage photosynthetic mechanisms of zooxanthellae and cause oxidants to build up?

Answer 74

Coral bleaching

Question 75

What are comb jellies, have 8 rows of comblike plates of cilia for movement, have a complete gut where extracellular digestion happens in the pharynx and are entirely marine?

Answer 75

Ctenophores

Question 76

Are ctenophores monoecious or dioecious?

Answer 76

Monoecious

Question 77

True or false: Some studies place ctenophores as the sister of group of all other animals RATHER than sponges

Answer 77

True

Question 78

True or False: Molecular data suggests that sponges have more derived chromosomal rearrangements than ctenophores

Answer 78

True