Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Glycolysis I:
What is the overview of the first phase of glycolysis?
2 ATP consumed to add 2 phosphate groups to glucose
Glycolysis I:
What happens to glucose?
glucose is phosphorylated into Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), ATP spent
Glycolysis I:
What enzyme is involved in phosphate group transfer of G6P?
HexaKINASE
Glycolysis I:
What happens to G6P?
Isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
Glycolysis I:
What enzyme rearranged the atoms of G6P to turn it into F6P?
PhosphoglucoseISOMERASE
Glycolysis I:
What happens to F6P?
Phosphorylated to Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP), ATP spent
Glycolysis I:
What enzyme is used to change F6P to turn into FBP?
PhosphofructoKINASE
Glycolysis I:
What happens to FBP?
Splits to DHAP and G3P
Glycolysis I:
What enzyme splits FBP into DHAP and G3P?
Aldolase
Glycolysis I:
What enzyme converts DHAP to G3P when G3P is low?
Triose phosphate ISOMERASE
Glycolysis II:
What is the overview of the second phase of glycolysis?
Starts with 2 G3P molecules
Glycolysis II:
What happens to G3P?
Oxidized and phosphorylated
Glycolysis II:
What enzyme removes the H+ in G3P to add later on to NAD+ to make NADH?
DEHYDROGENASE
Glycolysis II:
What happens to G3P after phosphorylation?
Becomes 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)
Glycolysis II:
What happens to 1,3BGP?
Dephosphorylated to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PPG), 2 ATP produced
Glycolysis II:
What enzyme removes the phosphate group in 1,3BGP?
Phosphoglycerate KINASE
Glycolysis II:
What happens to 3PPG?
isomerized to become 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PPG)
Glycolysis II:
What enzyme is used to rearrange 3PPG to 2 PPG?
Phosphoglycerate MUTASE
Glycolysis II:
What happens to 2PPG?
Becomes Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), water removed
Glycolysis II:
What enzyme is used to rearrange 2PPG to become PEP and remove water?
ENOLASE
Glycolysis II:
What happens to PEP?
Dephosphorylated to form Pyruvate, 2 ATP produced
Glycolysis II:
What enzyme dephosphorylates PEP to become Pyruvate?
Pyruvate KINASE
Glycolysis I & II:
What is the net yield?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
what must pyruvate be converted to before used in krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
What is the removal of carbon called?
Decarboxylation
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
where does this occur?
Mitochondria
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
What type of reaction is used in pyruvate decarboxylation to transfer electrons from pyruvate to NAD+, producing NADH and releasing CO2?
Exergonic reaction
Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
What is the net yield?
Input:
2 Pyruvate (1 glucose)
Output:
2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle:
Is it a closed loop?
Yes
Krebs Cycle:
What does Acetyl CoA react with and what does it form?
Reacts with OXALOACETATE to form CITRIC ACID (6 Carbons)
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to the released CoA after citric acid (6C) is formed?
react with more pyruvate
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to citric acid (6C)?
dehydrogenated and isomerized forming ISOCITRATE
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to Isocitrate?
Carbon is removed forming 5-carbon alpha-ketoglutarate (5C)
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to 5C?
Dehydrogenated, CO2 released, Succinyl (4C) picks up another CoA
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to Succinyl-CoA (4C) after CoA is replaced by phosphate group then transferred to ADP to form ATP?
Becomes Succinate (4C)
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to succinate (4C)?
Dehydrogenated to form Fumarate, instead of NAD+, FAD accepts H+ to form FADH2
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to Fumarate?
Water added to change it to malate
Krebs Cycle:
What happens to malate?
dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate to restart cycle
Krebs Cycle:
What is the total net yield?
Input:
2 ACetyl CoA
Output:
4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
where does it occur?
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What is the overview of this process?
ATP generated by transfer of electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 through e- carriers (I-IV)
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What releases H+ to form a proton gradient?
Electron transport chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
How is ATP generated from the stored proton gradient?
Chemiosmosis
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
In the electron transport chain, which are proton pumps that release NAD+ and H+?
I, III, IV
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
In the electron transport chain, which protein complex release FAD2 + 2 H+?
II
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What do the carrier moelecules accept?
accept electrons and pass them on to next molecule at lower energy level
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What is the released energy used for?
pump H+ protons into intermembrane space
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What is the final acceptor of electron?
Oxygen
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What protein uses the movement of protons from intermembrane space to the matrix to form ATP?
ATP Synthase
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
How many ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?
3 and 2, respectively
OVERALL REACTION YIELD?
Glucose + 2 ATP + 36 ADP + 36 P + 6 O2 > 6 CO2 + 2 ADP + 26 ATP + 6 H2O
What glycolysis is performed with the lack of oxygen?
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Anaerobic Glycolysis:
What happens when there is an absent of oxygen?
Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur
Anaerobic Glycolysis:
What becomes the final e- acceptor?
Pyruvate
Anaerobic Glycolysis:
What does pyruvate get reduced to?
Lactate
Anaerobic Glycolysis:
Is it efficient?
no but can produce energy with the absence of oxygen like alcoholic fermentation
