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Zoology LEC > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Glycolysis I:
What is the overview of the first phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP consumed to add 2 phosphate groups to glucose

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2
Q

Glycolysis I:
What happens to glucose?

A

glucose is phosphorylated into Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), ATP spent

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3
Q

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme is involved in phosphate group transfer of G6P?

A

HexaKINASE

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4
Q

Glycolysis I:
What happens to G6P?

A

Isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)

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5
Q

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme rearranged the atoms of G6P to turn it into F6P?

A

PhosphoglucoseISOMERASE

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6
Q

Glycolysis I:
What happens to F6P?

A

Phosphorylated to Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP), ATP spent

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7
Q

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme is used to change F6P to turn into FBP?

A

PhosphofructoKINASE

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8
Q

Glycolysis I:
What happens to FBP?

A

Splits to DHAP and G3P

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9
Q

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme splits FBP into DHAP and G3P?

A

Aldolase

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10
Q

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme converts DHAP to G3P when G3P is low?

A

Triose phosphate ISOMERASE

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11
Q

Glycolysis II:
What is the overview of the second phase of glycolysis?

A

Starts with 2 G3P molecules

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12
Q

Glycolysis II:
What happens to G3P?

A

Oxidized and phosphorylated

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13
Q

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme removes the H+ in G3P to add later on to NAD+ to make NADH?

A

DEHYDROGENASE

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14
Q

Glycolysis II:
What happens to G3P after phosphorylation?

A

Becomes 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)

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15
Q

Glycolysis II:
What happens to 1,3BGP?

A

Dephosphorylated to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PPG), 2 ATP produced

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16
Q

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme removes the phosphate group in 1,3BGP?

A

Phosphoglycerate KINASE

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17
Q

Glycolysis II:
What happens to 3PPG?

A

isomerized to become 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PPG)

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18
Q

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme is used to rearrange 3PPG to 2 PPG?

A

Phosphoglycerate MUTASE

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19
Q

Glycolysis II:
What happens to 2PPG?

A

Becomes Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), water removed

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20
Q

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme is used to rearrange 2PPG to become PEP and remove water?

A

ENOLASE

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21
Q

Glycolysis II:
What happens to PEP?

A

Dephosphorylated to form Pyruvate, 2 ATP produced

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22
Q

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme dephosphorylates PEP to become Pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate KINASE

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23
Q

Glycolysis I & II:
What is the net yield?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

24
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
what must pyruvate be converted to before used in krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

25
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
What is the removal of carbon called?

A

Decarboxylation

26
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
where does this occur?

A

Mitochondria

27
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
What type of reaction is used in pyruvate decarboxylation to transfer electrons from pyruvate to NAD+, producing NADH and releasing CO2?

A

Exergonic reaction

28
Q

Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
What is the net yield?

A

Input:
2 Pyruvate (1 glucose)

Output:
2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

29
Q

Krebs Cycle:
Is it a closed loop?

30
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What does Acetyl CoA react with and what does it form?

A

Reacts with OXALOACETATE to form CITRIC ACID (6 Carbons)

31
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to the released CoA after citric acid (6C) is formed?

A

react with more pyruvate

32
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to citric acid (6C)?

A

dehydrogenated and isomerized forming ISOCITRATE

33
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to Isocitrate?

A

Carbon is removed forming 5-carbon alpha-ketoglutarate (5C)

34
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to 5C?

A

Dehydrogenated, CO2 released, Succinyl (4C) picks up another CoA

35
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to Succinyl-CoA (4C) after CoA is replaced by phosphate group then transferred to ADP to form ATP?

A

Becomes Succinate (4C)

36
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to succinate (4C)?

A

Dehydrogenated to form Fumarate, instead of NAD+, FAD accepts H+ to form FADH2

37
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to Fumarate?

A

Water added to change it to malate

38
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What happens to malate?

A

dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate to restart cycle

39
Q

Krebs Cycle:
What is the total net yield?

A

Input:
2 ACetyl CoA

Output:
4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

40
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
where does it occur?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

41
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What is the overview of this process?

A

ATP generated by transfer of electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 through e- carriers (I-IV)

42
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What releases H+ to form a proton gradient?

A

Electron transport chain

43
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
How is ATP generated from the stored proton gradient?

A

Chemiosmosis

44
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
In the electron transport chain, which are proton pumps that release NAD+ and H+?

A

I, III, IV

45
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
In the electron transport chain, which protein complex release FAD2 + 2 H+?

46
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What do the carrier moelecules accept?

A

accept electrons and pass them on to next molecule at lower energy level

47
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What is the released energy used for?

A

pump H+ protons into intermembrane space

48
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What is the final acceptor of electron?

49
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
What protein uses the movement of protons from intermembrane space to the matrix to form ATP?

A

ATP Synthase

50
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation:
How many ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?

A

3 and 2, respectively

51
Q

OVERALL REACTION YIELD?

A

Glucose + 2 ATP + 36 ADP + 36 P + 6 O2 > 6 CO2 + 2 ADP + 26 ATP + 6 H2O

52
Q

What glycolysis is performed with the lack of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic Glycolysis

53
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis:
What happens when there is an absent of oxygen?

A

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur

54
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis:
What becomes the final e- acceptor?

55
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis:
What does pyruvate get reduced to?

56
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis:
Is it efficient?

A

no but can produce energy with the absence of oxygen like alcoholic fermentation

Zoology LEC (16 decks)

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