Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Glycolysis I:
What is the overview of the first phase of glycolysis?

Answer 1

2 ATP consumed to add 2 phosphate groups to glucose

Question 2

Glycolysis I:
What happens to glucose?

Answer 2

glucose is phosphorylated into Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), ATP spent

Question 3

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme is involved in phosphate group transfer of G6P?

Answer 3

HexaKINASE

Question 4

Glycolysis I:
What happens to G6P?

Answer 4

Isomerized to Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)

Question 5

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme rearranged the atoms of G6P to turn it into F6P?

Answer 5

PhosphoglucoseISOMERASE

Question 6

Glycolysis I:
What happens to F6P?

Answer 6

Phosphorylated to Fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP), ATP spent

Question 7

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme is used to change F6P to turn into FBP?

Answer 7

PhosphofructoKINASE

Question 8

Glycolysis I:
What happens to FBP?

Answer 8

Splits to DHAP and G3P

Question 9

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme splits FBP into DHAP and G3P?

Answer 9

Aldolase

Question 10

Glycolysis I:
What enzyme converts DHAP to G3P when G3P is low?

Answer 10

Triose phosphate ISOMERASE

Question 11

Glycolysis II:
What is the overview of the second phase of glycolysis?

Answer 11

Starts with 2 G3P molecules

Question 12

Glycolysis II:
What happens to G3P?

Answer 12

Oxidized and phosphorylated

Question 13

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme removes the H+ in G3P to add later on to NAD+ to make NADH?

Answer 13

DEHYDROGENASE

Question 14

Glycolysis II:
What happens to G3P after phosphorylation?

Answer 14

Becomes 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPG)

Question 15

Glycolysis II:
What happens to 1,3BGP?

Answer 15

Dephosphorylated to 3-phosphoglycerate (3PPG), 2 ATP produced

Question 16

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme removes the phosphate group in 1,3BGP?

Answer 16

Phosphoglycerate KINASE

Question 17

Glycolysis II:
What happens to 3PPG?

Answer 17

isomerized to become 2-Phosphoglycerate (2PPG)

Question 18

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme is used to rearrange 3PPG to 2 PPG?

Answer 18

Phosphoglycerate MUTASE

Question 19

Glycolysis II:
What happens to 2PPG?

Answer 19

Becomes Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP), water removed

Question 20

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme is used to rearrange 2PPG to become PEP and remove water?

Answer 20

ENOLASE

Question 21

Glycolysis II:
What happens to PEP?

Answer 21

Dephosphorylated to form Pyruvate, 2 ATP produced

Question 22

Glycolysis II:
What enzyme dephosphorylates PEP to become Pyruvate?

Answer 22

Pyruvate KINASE

Question 23

Glycolysis I & II:
What is the net yield?

Answer 23

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate

Question 24

Pyruvate Decarboxylation:
what must pyruvate be converted to before used in krebs cycle?

Answer 24

Acetyl CoA

Question 25

Pyruvate Decarboxylation: What is the removal of carbon called?

Answer 25

Decarboxylation

Question 26

Pyruvate Decarboxylation: where does this occur?

Answer 26

Mitochondria

Question 27

Pyruvate Decarboxylation: What type of reaction is used in pyruvate decarboxylation to transfer electrons from pyruvate to NAD+, producing NADH and releasing CO2?

Answer 27

Exergonic reaction

Question 28

Pyruvate Decarboxylation: What is the net yield?

Answer 28

Input: 2 Pyruvate (1 glucose) Output: 2 NADH, 2 CO2, 2 Acetyl CoA

Question 29

Krebs Cycle: Is it a closed loop?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

Krebs Cycle: What does Acetyl CoA react with and what does it form?

Answer 30

Reacts with OXALOACETATE to form CITRIC ACID (6 Carbons)

Question 31

Krebs Cycle: What happens to the released CoA after citric acid (6C) is formed?

Answer 31

react with more pyruvate

Question 32

Krebs Cycle: What happens to citric acid (6C)?

Answer 32

dehydrogenated and isomerized forming ISOCITRATE

Question 33

Krebs Cycle: What happens to Isocitrate?

Answer 33

Carbon is removed forming 5-carbon alpha-ketoglutarate (5C)

Question 34

Krebs Cycle: What happens to 5C?

Answer 34

Dehydrogenated, CO2 released, Succinyl (4C) picks up another CoA

Question 35

Krebs Cycle: What happens to Succinyl-CoA (4C) after CoA is replaced by phosphate group then transferred to ADP to form ATP?

Answer 35

Becomes Succinate (4C)

Question 36

Krebs Cycle: What happens to succinate (4C)?

Answer 36

Dehydrogenated to form Fumarate, instead of NAD+, FAD accepts H+ to form FADH2

Question 37

Krebs Cycle: What happens to Fumarate?

Answer 37

Water added to change it to malate

Question 38

Krebs Cycle: What happens to malate?

Answer 38

dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate to restart cycle

Question 39

Krebs Cycle: What is the total net yield?

Answer 39

Input: 2 ACetyl CoA Output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Question 40

Oxidative Phosphorylation: where does it occur?

Answer 40

Inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 41

Oxidative Phosphorylation: What is the overview of this process?

Answer 41

ATP generated by transfer of electrons from NADH/FADH2 to O2 through e- carriers (I-IV)

Question 42

Oxidative Phosphorylation: What releases H+ to form a proton gradient?

Answer 42

Electron transport chain

Question 43

Oxidative Phosphorylation: How is ATP generated from the stored proton gradient?

Answer 43

Chemiosmosis

Question 44

Oxidative Phosphorylation: In the electron transport chain, which are proton pumps that release NAD+ and H+?

Answer 44

I, III, IV

Question 45

Oxidative Phosphorylation: In the electron transport chain, which protein complex release FAD2 + 2 H+?

Answer 45

II

Question 46

Oxidative Phosphorylation: What do the carrier moelecules accept?

Answer 46

accept electrons and pass them on to next molecule at lower energy level

Question 47

Oxidative Phosphorylation: What is the released energy used for?

Answer 47

pump H+ protons into intermembrane space

Question 48

Oxidative Phosphorylation: What is the final acceptor of electron?

Answer 48

Oxygen

Question 49

Oxidative Phosphorylation: What protein uses the movement of protons from intermembrane space to the matrix to form ATP?

Answer 49

ATP Synthase

Question 50

Oxidative Phosphorylation: How many ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?

Answer 50

3 and 2, respectively

Question 51

OVERALL REACTION YIELD?

Answer 51

Glucose + 2 ATP + 36 ADP + 36 P + 6 O2 > 6 CO2 + 2 ADP + 26 ATP + 6 H2O

Question 52

What glycolysis is performed with the lack of oxygen?

Answer 52

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Question 53

Anaerobic Glycolysis: What happens when there is an absent of oxygen?

Answer 53

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur

Question 54

Anaerobic Glycolysis: What becomes the final e- acceptor?

Answer 54

Pyruvate

Question 55

Anaerobic Glycolysis: What does pyruvate get reduced to?

Answer 55

Lactate

Question 56

Anaerobic Glycolysis: Is it efficient?

Answer 56

no but can produce energy with the absence of oxygen like alcoholic fermentation