Modern Evolutionary Theory and Systematics

Question 1

Who filled in the knowledge Gap of Darwin’s initial theories?

Answer 1

Mendel

Question 2

What is an alternative form of a gene?

Answer 2

Allele

Question 3

What is a combination of alleles (hereditary types)?

Answer 3

Genotype

Question 4

What are visible characteristics of an organisms?

Answer 4

Phenotype

Question 5

What Mendelian Law occurs when one allele would mask the phenotype of the other?

Answer 5

Law of Dominance

Question 6

In Law of dominance what allele is expressed in both Homozygous and Heterozygous individuals?

Answer 6

Dominant

Question 7

In Law of dominance, what allele is only expressed if the individual is homozygous for that allele?

Answer 7

Recessive

Question 8

What Mendelian Law occurs when paired alleles that specify alternative phenotypes separate so each gamete receives only one allele?

Answer 8

Law of segregation

Question 9

What Mendelian Law occurs when genes are found on different pairs of homologous chromosomes that assort independently during meiosis and the inheritance of one gene does not affect others?

Answer 9

Law of independent assortment

Question 10

What is it called when some genes do not follow Mendelian Laws?

Answer 10

Non-Mendelian inheritance

Question 11

Give examples of Non-Mendelian inheritance

Answer 11

Multiple alleles like blood

Sex-linked inheritance like red-green colorblindness

Question 12

What is the study of genetic change occurring within natural populations?

Answer 12

Microevolution

Question 13

What is the occurrence of different forms of an allele in a population?

Answer 13

Polymorphism

Question 14

What are all alleles of all genes possessed by members of a population?

Answer 14

Gene pool

Question 15

What measures the relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?

Answer 15

Population genetics

Question 16

What is the random fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to the next that occurs in all populations of finite size and the effects are greater in smaller populations?

Answer 16

Genetic drift

Question 17

What is the movement of alleles between populations via migration?

Answer 17

Gene flow

Question 18

What describes large scale events in evolution and the scale goes beyond the population level and changes emerge from microevolutionary changes?

Answer 18

Macroevolution

Question 19

What encompasses the differential survival and multiplication of species based on variation among lineages?

Answer 19

Species selection

Question 20

What is caused by variations in species level properties such as migration patterns, geographic range, specialized vs generalized feeding?

Answer 20

Differential speciation and extinction

Question 21

What may select for different characteristics from those that were common during non extinction events?

Answer 21

Mass extinctions

Question 22

What form of selection can mass extinction be called?

Answer 22

Catastrophic species selection

Question 23

What is the science of classification and is part of systematics but predates evolutionary biology?

Answer 23

Taxonomy

Question 24

Who was the first to group organisms based on their shared morphological features?

Answer 24

Aristotle

Question 25

Who created the first unified system for classifying animals and plants through morphology?

Answer 25

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 26

What taxonomy arranges organisms into a hierarchical system where taxa are ranked?

Answer 26

Linnaean taxonomy

Question 27

What are the main taxonomic ranks?

Answer 27

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

Question 28

True or False: Taxonomic recognition is somewhat arbitrary

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False: Classification was static pre-Darwin

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What accounts for evolutionary theory and includes the most recent common ancestor and its descendants and no essential characters need to be maintained through the system to form a taxon?

Answer 30

Systematization

Question 31

True or False: Modern taxonomy still retains Linnaean classifications, but accounts for common evolutionary descent with modification

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is it called when each species has a Latinized name composed of two words?

Answer 32

Binomial nomenclature

Question 33

In Binomial nomenclature, what must be italicized if typed or underlined if handwritten?

Answer 33

Scientific name

Question 34

In Binomial nomenclature, what is capitalized?

Answer 34

Genus

Question 35

In Binomial nomenclature, what is lowercase?

Answer 35

species epithet

Question 36

What are the commonly used criteria among species concepts?

Answer 36

1. Common descent 2. Smallest distinct groupings 3. Reproductive community

Question 37

What do all species have?

Answer 37

Temporal (evolutionary duration) and spatial distribution (geographic range)

Question 38

What species is present over large geographic ranges?

Answer 38

Cosmopolitan species

Question 39

What species has very limited geographic range?

Answer 39

Endemic species

Question 40

What Species concept refers to a species as an interbreeding population?

Answer 40

Biological species concept

Question 41

What are the limitations of the biological species concept?

Answer 41

1. No temporal dimension 2. Disagreement on what level of reproductive isolation is needed 3. Does not account for asexually reproducing species

Question 42

What Species concept defines species by fixed, essential features where before Darwin, species were considered. unchangeable, but modern biologists still use type specimens as a guide but the type is not considered absolute?

Answer 42

Morphological species concept

Question 43

What Species concept defines species as a lineage of ancestor-descendant populations that maintains its identity and is difficult to observe?

Answer 43

Evolutionary species concept

Question 44

What Species concept defines a species as an irreducible group of organisms distinct from others and with a parental pattern of ancestry and descent where there is more emphasis on common descent and a species is a lineage with no detectable branching?

Answer 44

Phylogenetic species concept

Question 45

True or False: Phylogenetic species concept describes more species than other concepts but can be impractical in some situations

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Do the disagreements between the species concepts make them invalid?

Answer 46

No, depends on field or type of specimens. Some may be more applicable than others

Question 47

All animal species occupy one of how many monophyletic phyla?

Answer 47

32

Question 48

What consists of all phyla except for some?

Answer 48

Taxon Bilateria

Question 49

What does taxon bilateria not include?

Answer 49

Porifera, Placozoa, Xenacoelomorpha, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora

Question 50

What can Bilateria be divided into?

Answer 50

Protostomia and Deuterostomia

Question 51

Which are Deuterostomes and Protostomes in BIlateria?

Answer 51

Chordata, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, the rest are protostomes

Question 52

In protostomes, what consist of phyla that shed their outer body surface (ecdysis)?

Answer 52

Ecdysozoa

Question 53

What is an example of Ecdysozoa?

Answer 53

Arthropods

Question 54

What protostomes consists of phyla with either lophophore or trochophore?

Answer 54

Lophotrochozoa

Question 55

What is the feeding structure in lophotrochozoa?

Answer 55

Lophophore

Question 56

What is the larval form of lophotrochozoa?

Answer 56

Trochophore

Question 57

What is an example of a lophotrochozoa?

Answer 57

Molluscs