Evolution Flashcards
Gradual change at the genetic level of populations over the course of several generations
Evolution
What two theories guide biological research to this day?
- Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
- Chromosomal theory of inheritance
True or False:
Evolutionary thinking was considered rebellious for most of history
True
What and Who proposed evolution through inheritance of acquired characteristic s where organisms pass them onto their offspring?
Lamarckism : Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
In Lamarckism, organisms transform their characteristics by use and disuse of body parts making Lamarckism what?
Transformational
What and Who concluded that the Earth’s age must be measured in hundreds of millions of years
Uniformitarianism : Charles Lyell
What did Darwin conclude in his voyage in the GALAPAGOS Islands?
organisms from continental South America underwent modifications
Darwinian Evolution:
What theory states that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling but is always changing?
Perpetual Change
In perpetual change what does the fossil record show throughout the history of life and is observed from past to present life?
Hereditary Continuity
Darwinian evolution:
What theory states that all organisms share a common ancestor?
Common descent
In common descent, what is the evolutionary history of organisms called?
Phylogeny
In common descent, what are the characters or character states that share the same evolutionary origin and show common descent?
Homologies
In common descent, what are groups within groups that supports a history of phylogenetic bracketing where species cluster into groups based on suites of similar homologies?
Nested hierarchy
In common descent, what is the development of an organisms through its entire life where it recapitulates phylogeny and explain the emergence of new homologies by the changed in timing of developmental events and physical location of structures?
Ontogeny
In common descent, what is the change in timing of developmental events?
Heterochrony
In common descent, what is the change in physical location of a developmental process?
Heterotopy
Darwinian evolution:
What is the genetic variation within a species that provides the material from which new species arise?
Multiplication of species
In multiplication of species, what is the formation of new species from an existing species?
Speciation
In multiplication of species, what is the concept that states that species is a reproductive community of populations occupying a specific niche?
Biological species concept
In multiplication of species, what are the biological features that prevent interbreeding between species and can be caused by geographic isolation followed by divergence that can lead to evolution of this event?
Reproductive Barriers
What reproductive barrier is an impair fertilization?
Prezygotic
What reproductive barrier is an impair development, survival, or reproductive capability?
Postzygotic
In multiplication of species, what are the populations of one species occupying separate geographic areas that cannot interbreed because of geographic separation, but can if the barriers are removed?
Allopatric populations
In multiplication of species, what occurs when the separated populations evolve independently and develop reproductive barriers?
Allopatric speciation
In multiplication of species, populations can be separated by 2 means. What is the means by which geological or climate change separates populations?
Vicariance?
In multiplication of species, what occurs when individuals within a species specialize to occupy different niches within the same habitat?
Sympatric speciation
In multiplication of species, populations can be separated by 2 means. What is the means by which small number of individuals disperse to a distant region with no members of that species?
Founder event
In multiplication of species, what is the evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a common ancestor where. many different species can arise within a short period of geological time and can also be seen in lakes and young islands?
Adaptive radiation
Darwinian evolution:
What are large phenotypic differences between species that only occur through the accumulation of smaller changes over time?
Gradualism
In gradualism, what states that new traits are established in a population by increasing their frequency?
Population gradualism
In gradualism, what states that new traits are produced over small incremental changes over hundreds to thousands of generations?
Phenotypic gradualism
True or False:
Phenotypic gradualism is controversial
True
In gradualism, what states that phenotypic evolution is concentrated in short events of branching speciation followed by longer intervals of morphological stability?
Punctuated equilibrium
Darwinian evolution:
What is the major process by which evolution occurs in Darwin’s theory that explains the origin of adaptation?
Natural selection
In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where all population produce large numbers of gametes and offspring each generation and population increases exponentially?
Observation 1- Organisms have great potential fertility
In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where all natural populations fluctuate in size across generations and sometimes go extinct and no natural populations show continued exponential growth?
Observation 2 - Natural populations mostly remain constant in size
In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where exponential growth of a natural population would require unlimited resources to provide food and habitat and resources are finite?
Observation 3 - Natural resources are limited
In natural selection, what did Darwin infer where overpopulation leads to more severe struggles for food, space, and shelter and only a small part of individuals survive each generation?
Inference 1 - Members of a population undergo a continuing struggle to exist
In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where no two individuals are exactly the same within populations?
Observation 4 - Populations show variation among organisms
In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where offspring resemble their parents and at that time he did not understand the mechanisms of inheritance?
Observation 5 - Some variation is heritable
In natural selection, what did Darwin infer where traits that confer an advantage to survival allow organisms to live longer and pass those traits onto their offspring?
Inference 2 - Varying organisms show differential survival and reproduction favoring advantageous traits
In natural selection, what did Darwin infer where propagation of favorable traits transform species and natural selection leads to speciation?
Inference 3 - Over many generations, natural selection generates new adaptations and new species
In natural selection, what refers to the ability of an organisms to survive to reproductive age and produce offspring and also depends on its environment and is not absolute?
Survival of the fittest
In natural selection, what process is random?
Mutation
In natural selection, what process is nonrandom?
Survival of different traits
In natural selection, what is the ultimate source of new genetic variation where it can be passed on and does not prefer advantageous traits?
Mutations
In natural selection, what is the differential survival and reproduction among varying organisms where it can be caused by random processes and can occur due to advantageous traits and selection is a specific course of this.
Sorting
