Evolution

Question 1

Gradual change at the genetic level of populations over the course of several generations

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

What two theories guide biological research to this day?

Answer 2

1. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
2. Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Question 3

True or False:
Evolutionary thinking was considered rebellious for most of history

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What and Who proposed evolution through inheritance of acquired characteristic s where organisms pass them onto their offspring?

Answer 4

Lamarckism : Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Question 5

In Lamarckism, organisms transform their characteristics by use and disuse of body parts making Lamarckism what?

Answer 5

Transformational

Question 6

What and Who concluded that the Earth’s age must be measured in hundreds of millions of years

Answer 6

Uniformitarianism : Charles Lyell

Question 7

What did Darwin conclude in his voyage in the GALAPAGOS Islands?

Answer 7

organisms from continental South America underwent modifications

Question 8

Darwinian Evolution:
What theory states that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling but is always changing?

Answer 8

Perpetual Change

Question 9

In perpetual change what does the fossil record show throughout the history of life and is observed from past to present life?

Answer 9

Hereditary Continuity

Question 10

Darwinian evolution:
What theory states that all organisms share a common ancestor?

Answer 10

Common descent

Question 11

In common descent, what is the evolutionary history of organisms called?

Answer 11

Phylogeny

Question 12

In common descent, what are the characters or character states that share the same evolutionary origin and show common descent?

Answer 12

Homologies

Question 13

In common descent, what are groups within groups that supports a history of phylogenetic bracketing where species cluster into groups based on suites of similar homologies?

Answer 13

Nested hierarchy

Question 14

In common descent, what is the development of an organisms through its entire life where it recapitulates phylogeny and explain the emergence of new homologies by the changed in timing of developmental events and physical location of structures?

Answer 14

Ontogeny

Question 15

In common descent, what is the change in timing of developmental events?

Answer 15

Heterochrony

Question 16

In common descent, what is the change in physical location of a developmental process?

Answer 16

Heterotopy

Question 17

Darwinian evolution:
What is the genetic variation within a species that provides the material from which new species arise?

Answer 17

Multiplication of species

Question 18

In multiplication of species, what is the formation of new species from an existing species?

Answer 18

Speciation

Question 19

In multiplication of species, what is the concept that states that species is a reproductive community of populations occupying a specific niche?

Answer 19

Biological species concept

Question 20

In multiplication of species, what are the biological features that prevent interbreeding between species and can be caused by geographic isolation followed by divergence that can lead to evolution of this event?

Answer 20

Reproductive Barriers

Question 21

What reproductive barrier is an impair fertilization?

Answer 21

Prezygotic

Question 22

What reproductive barrier is an impair development, survival, or reproductive capability?

Answer 22

Postzygotic

Question 23

In multiplication of species, what are the populations of one species occupying separate geographic areas that cannot interbreed because of geographic separation, but can if the barriers are removed?

Answer 23

Allopatric populations

Question 24

In multiplication of species, what occurs when the separated populations evolve independently and develop reproductive barriers?

Answer 24

Allopatric speciation

Question 25

In multiplication of species, populations can be separated by 2 means. What is the means by which geological or climate change separates populations?

Answer 25

Vicariance

Question 26

In multiplication of species, what occurs when individuals within a species specialize to occupy different niches within the same habitat?

Answer 26

Sympatric speciation

Question 27

In multiplication of species, populations can be separated by 2 means. What is the means by which small number of individuals disperse to a distant region with no members of that species?

Answer 27

Founder event

Question 28

In multiplication of species, what is the evolution of several ecologically diverse species from a common ancestor where. many different species can arise within a short period of geological time and can also be seen in lakes and young islands?

Answer 28

Adaptive radiation

Question 29

Darwinian evolution: What are large phenotypic differences between species that only occur through the accumulation of smaller changes over time?

Answer 29

Gradualism

Question 30

In gradualism, what states that new traits are established in a population by increasing their frequency?

Answer 30

Population gradualism

Question 31

In gradualism, what states that new traits are produced over small incremental changes over hundreds to thousands of generations?

Answer 31

Phenotypic gradualism

Question 32

True or False: Phenotypic gradualism is controversial

Answer 32

True

Question 33

In gradualism, what states that phenotypic evolution is concentrated in short events of branching speciation followed by longer intervals of morphological stability?

Answer 33

Punctuated equilibrium

Question 34

Darwinian evolution: What is the major process by which evolution occurs in Darwin's theory that explains the origin of adaptation?

Answer 34

Natural selection

Question 35

In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where all population produce large numbers of gametes and offspring each generation and population increases exponentially?

Answer 35

Observation 1- Organisms have great potential fertility

Question 36

In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where all natural populations fluctuate in size across generations and sometimes go extinct and no natural populations show continued exponential growth?

Answer 36

Observation 2 - Natural populations mostly remain constant in size

Question 37

In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where exponential growth of a natural population would require unlimited resources to provide food and habitat and resources are finite?

Answer 37

Observation 3 - Natural resources are limited

Question 38

In natural selection, what did Darwin infer where overpopulation leads to more severe struggles for food, space, and shelter and only a small part of individuals survive each generation?

Answer 38

Inference 1 - Members of a population undergo a continuing struggle to exist

Question 39

In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where no two individuals are exactly the same within populations?

Answer 39

Observation 4 - Populations show variation among organisms

Question 40

In natural selection, what did Darwin observe where offspring resemble their parents and at that time he did not understand the mechanisms of inheritance?

Answer 40

Observation 5 - Some variation is heritable

Question 41

In natural selection, what did Darwin infer where traits that confer an advantage to survival allow organisms to live longer and pass those traits onto their offspring?

Answer 41

Inference 2 - Varying organisms show differential survival and reproduction favoring advantageous traits

Question 42

In natural selection, what did Darwin infer where propagation of favorable traits transform species and natural selection leads to speciation?

Answer 42

Inference 3 - Over many generations, natural selection generates new adaptations and new species

Question 43

In natural selection, what refers to the ability of an organisms to survive to reproductive age and produce offspring and also depends on its environment and is not absolute?

Answer 43

Survival of the fittest

Question 44

In natural selection, what process is random?

Answer 44

Mutation

Question 45

In natural selection, what process is nonrandom?

Answer 45

Survival of different traits

Question 46

In natural selection, what is the ultimate source of new genetic variation where it can be passed on and does not prefer advantageous traits?

Answer 46

Mutations

Question 47

In natural selection, what is the differential survival and reproduction among varying organisms where it can be caused by random processes and can occur due to advantageous traits and selection is a specific course of this.

Answer 47

Sorting