Animal Cells and the Cell Cycle Flashcards
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Lacks membrane bound organelles and a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Circular DNA
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Divide via Binary Fission
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Move with flagella and interact with other organisms with pili
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
DNA is linear
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Reproduce via Mitosis and Meiosis
Eukaryotic cells
What Organelles do PLANT cells have that animal cells don’t?
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
- Central Vacuole
What Organelles do ANIMAL cells have that plant cells don’t?
- Centrosome
- Lysosome
It is selectively permeable with a phospholipid bilayer
Plasma Membrane
In the plasma membrane, the different types of molecules constantly moves in 2 dimensions and fluid-like bilayer gives membrane flexibility
Fluid Mosaic Model
What can be added or removed to change membrane flexibility?
Cholesterol molecules
What helps facilitate transport of polar molecules or ions or serve as receptors
Glycoproteins
What has a system of microtubules and microfilaments that provide structural support and facilitate movement
Cytoskeleton
What help facilitate cellular locomotion?
Microfilaments
What help facilitate movement of molecules and organelles through cytoplasm and mRNAs from the nucleus to cytoplasm and has a key role in mitosis and meiosis?
Microtubules
What help fold cells together and resist cell stretching?
Intermediate filaments
What are the filament sizes from smallest to largest?
- Microfilaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
what is the microtubule organizing center found near the nucleus?
Centrosome
What is made up of microtubules used in cell division division?
Centrioles
What holds the cell’s DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope with pores where DNA replication and transcription occurs?
Nucleus
Where does the cite of cellular respiration occur and ATP is produced that also has a small genome with functions restricted to it?
Mitochondria
What modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids within the cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What ER modifies proteins synthesized by ribosmes?
Rough ER
What ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids?
Smooth ER
Where does the site of protein synthesis occur and found within the cytoplasm and can be attached to RER?
Ribosomes
What digests and breaks down materials in the cell and destroy pathogens?
Lysosomes
What oxidizes and break down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxify toxic molecules?
Peroxisomes
What transports, package, and distribute lipids and proteins throughout the cell
Golgi Apparatus
What has motile extensions on the cell surface and used for cell locomotion and for sweeping materials past the cell?
Cilia and Flagella
What are extended cytoplasmic processes that facilitate amoeboid movement and can be used to engulf materials or other cells?
Pseudopodia (false feet)
What transport is the passive movement from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration and may occur through the membrane or through gated ion channels (e.g. Osmosis)
Diffusion
What transport makes molecules move through the membrane with the aid of a transporter/carrier protein and can be passive or active?
Carrier Mediated
What does passive transportation entail?
Facilitated diffusion
What does active transportation entail?
Required energy due to movement against gradient
What transportation is the ingestion of cell material and is active?
Endocytosis
What kind of endocytosis is considered as cell drinking?
Pinocytosis
What kind of endocytosis is considered as cell eating?
Phagocytosis
What kind of endocytosis is considered to use special receptors to help carry large particles?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is the nuclear division of somatic cells and its chromosomes called?
Mitosis
What cells undergo mitosis without cytokinesis? Give examples
Multinucleate cell: megakaryocyte in bone marrow
What phase are cells in when they are not actively dividing and take up majority of the cell cycle?
Interphase
What are the periods of Interphase
Gap 1
Synthesis
Gap 2
What phase is a cell in when it is metabolically active but no cell cycle process occurs?
Gap 0
What phase does the cell prepare for DNA replication and tRNA, ribosomes, mRNA and enzymes are synthesized?
Gap 1
What phase does DNA replication occur and lasts 6 hours in mammalian cells?
Synthesis phase
What phase prepares the cell for cell division and spindle and aster proteins are synthesized?
Gap 2
What part of mitosis where the nuclear envelope disintegrates, the centrosomes and centrioles multiply and go to the poles, spindles are formed, and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes?
Prophase
What part of mitosis has sister chromatids move to a plate when tubulin dimmers are added to kinetochore microtubules
Metaphase
What part of mitosis has cohesin proteins that bind to sister chromatids are removed and kinetochore microtubules pull chromosomes opposite poles of the cell and the cell elongates?
Anaphase
What part of mitosis has daughter chromosomes crowded together, microtubules are disassembled, chromosomes revert to chromatin, and nuclear envelope reforms around daughter nuclei?
Telophase
What part of mitosis does the cleavage furrow appear in the middle of the cell and the furrow is drawn inward by actin binding proteins and fuse to separate daughter cells?
Cytokinesis
What process results in 2 successive mitotic divisions that results in 4 haploid daughter cells?
Meiosis
What part of meiosis do homologous chromosomes are paired (synapsis) forming bivalents and crossing over of segments occur between non sister homologous chromosomes?
Prophase I
What part of meiosis do bivalents align at the metaphase plate at random?
Metaphase I
What part of meiosis do bivalents move to opposite poles?
Anaphase I
What part of meiosis do separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform in some organisms, and only one of each homologous pair is in each daughter cell?
Telophase I
What part of meiosis do chromosomes condense again, envelope fragments again, centrosomes duplicated move away, and new spindles are formed?
Prophase II
What part of meiosis do the sister chromatids form individual kinetochores that attach to microtubules from opposite poles and and condensed sister chromatids align at the equator?
Metaphase II
What part of meiosis are the sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles and cell elongates?
Anaphase II
What part of meiosis do chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes, cleavage separates daughter cells into 2 haploids?
Telophase II
What is it called when chromosomes fail to separate and may lead to what?
Nondisjunction may lead to aneuploidy
What is aneuploidy?
Addition or deletion of sets of chromosomes
What is the process of enzymes mediating during transitions between phases?
Cell cycle regulation?
What enzymes are responsible in cell cycle regulation?
Cyclin-dependent kinases
What protein subunits activate CDKs?
Cyclins
True or false: cells divide rapidly in early development and slow down with age
True
What is programmed cell death and occurs with damage from oxidizing agents accumulates and is necessary process in maintaining an organisms health?
Apoptosis
The earliest life may have existed how long ago?
3.5 GYA
What were the earliest organisms most likely to be?
Anaerobic prokaryotes
When was the first great increase of oxygen? How?
2.4 GYA; evolution of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria
What theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria living in a larger cell?
Endosymbiosis
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
Have their own circular DNA
