Animal Cells and the Cell Cycle

Question 1

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Lacks membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

Answer 1

Prokaryotic cells

Question 2

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Circular DNA

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cells

Question 3

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Divide via Binary Fission

Answer 3

Prokaryotic cells

Question 4

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cells

Question 5

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Move with flagella and interact with other organisms with pili

Answer 5

Prokaryotic cells

Question 6

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Have membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

Answer 6

Eukaryotic cells

Question 7

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
DNA is linear

Answer 7

Eukaryotic cells

Question 8

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic:
Reproduce via Mitosis and Meiosis

Answer 8

Eukaryotic cells

Question 9

What Organelles do PLANT cells have that animal cells don’t?

Answer 9

1. Cell wall
2. Chloroplasts
3. Central Vacuole

Question 10

What Organelles do ANIMAL cells have that plant cells don’t?

Answer 10

1. Centrosome
2. Lysosome

Question 11

It is selectively permeable with a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 11

Plasma Membrane

Question 12

In the plasma membrane, the different types of molecules constantly moves in 2 dimensions and fluid-like bilayer gives membrane flexibility

Answer 12

Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 13

What can be added or removed to change membrane flexibility?

Answer 13

Cholesterol molecules

Question 14

What helps facilitate transport of polar molecules or ions or serve as receptors

Answer 14

Glycoproteins

Question 15

What has a system of microtubules and microfilaments that provide structural support and facilitate movement

Answer 15

Cytoskeleton

Question 16

What help facilitate cellular locomotion?

Answer 16

Microfilaments

Question 17

What help facilitate movement of molecules and organelles through cytoplasm and mRNAs from the nucleus to cytoplasm and has a key role in mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 17

Microtubules

Question 18

What help fold cells together and resist cell stretching?

Answer 18

Intermediate filaments

Question 19

What are the filament sizes from smallest to largest?

Answer 19

1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules

Question 20

what is the microtubule organizing center found near the nucleus?

Answer 20

Centrosome

Question 21

What is made up of microtubules used in cell division division?

Answer 21

Centrioles

Question 22

What holds the cell’s DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope with pores where DNA replication and transcription occurs?

Answer 22

Nucleus

Question 23

Where does the cite of cellular respiration occur and ATP is produced that also has a small genome with functions restricted to it?

Answer 23

Mitochondria

Question 24

What modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids within the cell?

Answer 24

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

What ER modifies proteins synthesized by ribosmes?

Answer 25

Rough ER

Question 26

What ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids?

Answer 26

Smooth ER

Question 27

Where does the site of protein synthesis occur and found within the cytoplasm and can be attached to RER?

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

What digests and breaks down materials in the cell and destroy pathogens?

Answer 28

Lysosomes

Question 29

What oxidizes and break down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxify toxic molecules?

Answer 29

Peroxisomes

Question 30

What transports, package, and distribute lipids and proteins throughout the cell

Answer 30

Golgi Apparatus

Question 31

What has motile extensions on the cell surface and used for cell locomotion and for sweeping materials past the cell?

Answer 31

Cilia and Flagella

Question 32

What are extended cytoplasmic processes that facilitate amoeboid movement and can be used to engulf materials or other cells?

Answer 32

Pseudopodia (false feet)

Question 33

What transport is the passive movement from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration and may occur through the membrane or through gated ion channels (e.g. Osmosis)

Answer 33

Diffusion

Question 34

What transport makes molecules move through the membrane with the aid of a transporter/carrier protein and can be passive or active?

Answer 34

Carrier Mediated

Question 35

What does passive transportation entail?

Answer 35

Facilitated diffusion

Question 36

What does active transportation entail?

Answer 36

Required energy due to movement against gradient

Question 37

What transportation is the ingestion of cell material and is active?

Answer 37

Endocytosis

Question 38

What kind of endocytosis is considered as cell drinking?

Answer 38

Pinocytosis

Question 39

What kind of endocytosis is considered as cell eating?

Answer 39

Phagocytosis

Question 40

What kind of endocytosis is considered to use special receptors to help carry large particles?

Answer 40

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 41

What is the nuclear division of somatic cells and its chromosomes called?

Answer 41

Mitosis

Question 42

What cells undergo mitosis without cytokinesis? Give examples

Answer 42

Multinucleate cell: megakaryocyte in bone marrow

Question 43

What phase are cells in when they are not actively dividing and take up majority of the cell cycle?

Answer 43

Interphase

Question 44

What are the periods of Interphase

Answer 44

Gap 1 Synthesis Gap 2

Question 45

What phase is a cell in when it is metabolically active but no cell cycle process occurs?

Answer 45

Gap 0

Question 46

What phase does the cell prepare for DNA replication and tRNA, ribosomes, mRNA and enzymes are synthesized?

Answer 46

Gap 1

Question 47

What phase does DNA replication occur and lasts 6 hours in mammalian cells?

Answer 47

Synthesis phase

Question 48

What phase prepares the cell for cell division and spindle and aster proteins are synthesized?

Answer 48

Gap 2

Question 49

What part of mitosis where the nuclear envelope disintegrates, the centrosomes and centrioles multiply and go to the poles, spindles are formed, and the chromatin condenses into chromosomes?

Answer 49

Prophase

Question 50

What part of mitosis has sister chromatids move to a plate when tubulin dimmers are added to kinetochore microtubules

Answer 50

Metaphase

Question 51

What part of mitosis has cohesin proteins that bind to sister chromatids are removed and kinetochore microtubules pull chromosomes opposite poles of the cell and the cell elongates?

Answer 51

Anaphase

Question 52

What part of mitosis has daughter chromosomes crowded together, microtubules are disassembled, chromosomes revert to chromatin, and nuclear envelope reforms around daughter nuclei?

Answer 52

Telophase

Question 53

What part of mitosis does the cleavage furrow appear in the middle of the cell and the furrow is drawn inward by actin binding proteins and fuse to separate daughter cells?

Answer 53

Cytokinesis

Question 54

What process results in 2 successive mitotic divisions that results in 4 haploid daughter cells?

Answer 54

Meiosis

Question 55

What part of meiosis do homologous chromosomes are paired (synapsis) forming bivalents and crossing over of segments occur between non sister homologous chromosomes?

Answer 55

Prophase I

Question 56

What part of meiosis do bivalents align at the metaphase plate at random?

Answer 56

Metaphase I

Question 57

What part of meiosis do bivalents move to opposite poles?

Answer 57

Anaphase I

Question 58

What part of meiosis do separated chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform in some organisms, and only one of each homologous pair is in each daughter cell?

Answer 58

Telophase I

Question 59

What part of meiosis do chromosomes condense again, envelope fragments again, centrosomes duplicated move away, and new spindles are formed?

Answer 59

Prophase II

Question 60

What part of meiosis do the sister chromatids form individual kinetochores that attach to microtubules from opposite poles and and condensed sister chromatids align at the equator?

Answer 60

Metaphase II

Question 61

What part of meiosis are the sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles and cell elongates?

Answer 61

Anaphase II

Question 62

What part of meiosis do chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes, cleavage separates daughter cells into 2 haploids?

Answer 62

Telophase II

Question 63

What is it called when chromosomes fail to separate and may lead to what?

Answer 63

Nondisjunction may lead to aneuploidy

Question 64

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 64

Addition or deletion of sets of chromosomes

Question 65

What is the process of enzymes mediating during transitions between phases?

Answer 65

Cell cycle regulation?

Question 66

What enzymes are responsible in cell cycle regulation?

Answer 66

Cyclin-dependent kinases

Question 67

What protein subunits activate CDKs?

Answer 67

Cyclins

Question 68

True or false: cells divide rapidly in early development and slow down with age

Answer 68

True

Question 69

What is programmed cell death and occurs with damage from oxidizing agents accumulates and is necessary process in maintaining an organisms health?

Answer 69

Apoptosis

Question 70

The earliest life may have existed how long ago?

Answer 70

3.5 GYA

Question 71

What were the earliest organisms most likely to be?

Answer 71

Anaerobic prokaryotes

Question 72

When was the first great increase of oxygen? How?

Answer 72

2.4 GYA; evolution of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria

Question 73

What theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria living in a larger cell?

Answer 73

Endosymbiosis

Question 74

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

Answer 74

Have their own circular DNA