Animal Development Flashcards
Animal Reproduction:
what is the production of new individuals without the fusion of gametes and the offspring are CLONES of the parent with same genotype UNLESS mutations occur?
Asexual reproduction
Animal Reproduction:
Where is asexual reproduction more common in?
Bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, invertebrates
Asexual Methods:
unequal division of an organisms where new individuals arise as buds from the parent and detach after development and are prominent among cnidarians
Budding
Asexual Methods:
formation of new individual from a gemmule, the aggregation of cells surrounded by a capsule, and is common in freshwater sponges
Gemmulation
Asexual Methods:
Known as virgin birth where the embryo develops from unfertilized egg or embryo gametes failed to unite during fertilization
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis types:
No meiosis occurs, eggs are formed by mitotic division and it occurs in some flatworms, rotifers, crustaceans, and insects
Diploid parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis types:
A haploid ovum is formed by meiosis and may or may not be activated by sperm
Meiotic parthenogenesis
What do whiptail lizards engage in to induce hormone changes for reproduction?
Pseudocopulation
Animal reproduction:
fusion of gametes produced via meiosis that typically needs 2 individuals
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction types:
Sexes are separate
Dioecious
Sexual reproduction types:
individuals have both male and female reproductive organs
Monoecious
Sexual reproduction:
female gamete, nonmotile and large, source of cytoplasm and nutrients for zygote, and produced in smalle rnumbers
Ovum (egg)
Sexual reproduction:
male gamete, small and motile, produced in larger numbers, genentic material is highly condensed
Spermatozoon (sperm)
Fertilization and Development:
union of egg and sperm where egg is activated and begins development that results in a diploid zygote (due to combination of haploid egg and sperm)
Fertilization
Early development:
what does the zygote undergo that is a series of mitotic divisions and the number of cells increases but the mass remains the same
Cleavage
Early development:
What are the smaller cells called?
Blastomeres
Zygote axis:
What does the zygote establish in its axis?
Polarity
Zygote axis:
yolk-rich end
vegetal pole
Zygote axis:
mostly cytoplasm with minimal yolk
animal pole
Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
minimal yolk distributed evenly
Isolecithal
Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
moderate amount of yolk at the vegetal pole
Mesolecithal
Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
large amount of yolk at vegetal pole
Telolecithal
Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
large amount of yolk at the center
Centrolecithal
Types of cleavage:
large amounts of yolk are present, cleavage is incomplete
Meroblastic cleavage
Types of Meroblastic cleavage:
cleavage confined to small cytoplasmic disc above yolk and seen in reptiles, birds, and most fish
Discoidal cleavage
Types of Meroblastic cleavage:
cleavage is restricted to cytoplasmic rim of egg due to centrally located yolk seen in most insects
Superficial cleavage
Types of cleavage:
small amount of yolk, cleavage is complete
Holoblastic cleavage
Types of Holoblastic cleavage:
embryonic cells are arranged in radial symmetry around animal-vegetal axis seen indeuterostomes
Radial cleavage
Types of Holoblastic cleavage:
blastomeres cleave at around 45˚ to animal-vegetal axis seen in most protostomes
Spiral cleavage
Types of Holoblastic cleavage:
cleavage plane in one blastomere is rotated 90˚ with respect to other blastomere seen in mammals
Rotational cleavage
Blastulation:
cleavage subdivides the zygote to make a hollow cluster of cells called?
Blastula
Blastulation:
what is the fluid filled cavity in the blastula called?
Blastocoel
What is the formation of multilayered embryo from the blastula through rearranging the blastomeres called?
Gastrulation
Gastrulation:
what is the bending inwards of one side of a blastula called?
Invagination
Gastrulation:
what do you call the pouch that is the result of invagination?
Archenteron
Gastrulation:
What is the archenteron also known as?
Primitive gut
Gastrulation:
What becomes of the archenteron later on?
becomes animals digestive tract
Gastrulation:
what is the opening of the archenteron called?
Blastopore
True or False:
most animals have complete gut
True
Gastrulation:
what are the 2 openings of the gut?
mouth and anus
Gastrulation:
how many openings do animals with an INCOMPLETE gut at the blastopore have?
1
Gastrulation:
in protostomes, the blastopore becomes what opening?
the mouth
Gastrulation:
in deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes what opening?
the anus
Gastrulation:
gastrulation results in the formation of what that tissue layers that give rise to specific organs and tissues?
Germ layers
Gastrulation:
What are the 3 germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
Gastrulation:
what animals only have the ectoderm and endoderm
Diploblastic animals
Gastrulation:
what animals have all 3 germ layers
Triploblastic animals
Coelom formation:
what is the body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm?
Coelom
Coelom formation:
what are the 2 functions of coelom
- cushioning and protection for gut
- hydrostatic skeleton for soft-bodied animals
Coelom formation:
what is the body cavity partially surrounded by mesoderm called?
Pseudocoelom
Coelom formation:
what do you call animals that lack coelom?
Acoelomate
Coelom formation:
in coelmoate protostomes, the coelom is formed the mesoderm splitting called?
schizocoely
Coelom formation:
what protostomes have mesoderm cells deposited along the outer edge of the blastocoel?
pseudocoelomate protostomes
Coelom formation:
in deuterostomes, the coelom is formed by the sides of the archenteron pushed outward and produce a pouch-like compartment which pinched off is called?
enterocoely
What is the formation of organs from different germ layers called?
Organogenesis
Organogenesis:
The ectoderm gives rise to what?
skin and nervous system
Organogenesis:
in the ectoderm, describe the process of forming the neural tube and nerves
- neural plate forms above notochord, folding in on itself folding neural tube
- neural crest give rise to nerves
Organogenesis:
mesoderm gives rise to what?
Notochord, muscular, circulatory, and urinary and reproductive organs
Organogenesis:
what is the first functional organ in the embryo?
the heart
Organogenesis:
the endoderm gives rise to what?
gut lining, urinary bladder, respiratory tract, pharynx, liver, pancreas
Organogenesis:
In the endoderm, what persists in the embryos of terrestrial vertebrates?
Pharyngeal gill arches
Organogenesis:
what is the sequence of 180 DNA base pairs that regulate embryonic development?
Homeobox
Organogenesis:
what is a subset of homeobox that determine an animals body plan like segmentation, limb formation, and head-tail directionality?
Hox genes
Organogenesis:
what can these mutations in genes lead to?
structures growing in the wrong parts of the body
