Animal Development

Question 1

Animal Reproduction:
what is the production of new individuals without the fusion of gametes and the offspring are CLONES of the parent with same genotype UNLESS mutations occur?

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction

Question 2

Animal Reproduction:
Where is asexual reproduction more common in?

Answer 2

Bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, invertebrates

Question 3

Asexual Methods:
unequal division of an organisms where new individuals arise as buds from the parent and detach after development and are prominent among cnidarians

Answer 3

Budding

Question 4

Asexual Methods:
formation of new individual from a gemmule, the aggregation of cells surrounded by a capsule, and is common in freshwater sponges

Answer 4

Gemmulation

Question 5

Asexual Methods:
Known as virgin birth where the embryo develops from unfertilized egg or embryo gametes failed to unite during fertilization

Answer 5

Parthenogenesis

Question 6

Parthenogenesis types:
No meiosis occurs, eggs are formed by mitotic division and it occurs in some flatworms, rotifers, crustaceans, and insects

Answer 6

Diploid parthenogenesis

Question 7

Parthenogenesis types:
A haploid ovum is formed by meiosis and may or may not be activated by sperm

Answer 7

Meiotic parthenogenesis

Question 8

What do whiptail lizards engage in to induce hormone changes for reproduction?

Answer 8

Pseudocopulation

Question 9

Animal reproduction:
fusion of gametes produced via meiosis that typically needs 2 individuals

Answer 9

Sexual reproduction

Question 10

Sexual reproduction types:
Sexes are separate

Answer 10

Dioecious

Question 11

Sexual reproduction types:
individuals have both male and female reproductive organs

Answer 11

Monoecious

Question 12

Sexual reproduction:
female gamete, nonmotile and large, source of cytoplasm and nutrients for zygote, and produced in smalle rnumbers

Answer 12

Ovum (egg)

Question 13

Sexual reproduction:
male gamete, small and motile, produced in larger numbers, genentic material is highly condensed

Answer 13

Spermatozoon (sperm)

Question 14

Fertilization and Development:
union of egg and sperm where egg is activated and begins development that results in a diploid zygote (due to combination of haploid egg and sperm)

Answer 14

Fertilization

Question 15

Early development:
what does the zygote undergo that is a series of mitotic divisions and the number of cells increases but the mass remains the same

Answer 15

Cleavage

Question 16

Early development:
What are the smaller cells called?

Answer 16

Blastomeres

Question 17

Zygote axis:
What does the zygote establish in its axis?

Answer 17

Polarity

Question 18

Zygote axis:
yolk-rich end

Answer 18

vegetal pole

Question 19

Zygote axis:
mostly cytoplasm with minimal yolk

Answer 19

animal pole

Question 20

Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
minimal yolk distributed evenly

Answer 20

Isolecithal

Question 21

Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
moderate amount of yolk at the vegetal pole

Answer 21

Mesolecithal

Question 22

Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
large amount of yolk at vegetal pole

Answer 22

Telolecithal

Question 23

Types of eggs based on yolk placement:
large amount of yolk at the center

Answer 23

Centrolecithal

Question 24

Types of cleavage:
large amounts of yolk are present, cleavage is incomplete

Answer 24

Meroblastic cleavage

Question 25

Types of Meroblastic cleavage: cleavage confined to small cytoplasmic disc above yolk and seen in reptiles, birds, and most fish

Answer 25

Discoidal cleavage

Question 26

Types of Meroblastic cleavage: cleavage is restricted to cytoplasmic rim of egg due to centrally located yolk seen in most insects

Answer 26

Superficial cleavage

Question 27

Types of cleavage: small amount of yolk, cleavage is complete

Answer 27

Holoblastic cleavage

Question 28

Types of Holoblastic cleavage: embryonic cells are arranged in radial symmetry around animal-vegetal axis seen indeuterostomes

Answer 28

Radial cleavage

Question 29

Types of Holoblastic cleavage: blastomeres cleave at around 45˚ to animal-vegetal axis seen in most protostomes

Answer 29

Spiral cleavage

Question 30

Types of Holoblastic cleavage: cleavage plane in one blastomere is rotated 90˚ with respect to other blastomere seen in mammals

Answer 30

Rotational cleavage

Question 31

Blastulation: cleavage subdivides the zygote to make a hollow cluster of cells called?

Answer 31

Blastula

Question 32

Blastulation: what is the fluid filled cavity in the blastula called?

Answer 32

Blastocoel

Question 33

What is the formation of multilayered embryo from the blastula through rearranging the blastomeres called?

Answer 33

Gastrulation

Question 34

Gastrulation: what is the bending inwards of one side of a blastula called?

Answer 34

Invagination

Question 35

Gastrulation: what do you call the pouch that is the result of invagination?

Answer 35

Archenteron

Question 36

Gastrulation: What is the archenteron also known as?

Answer 36

Primitive gut

Question 37

Gastrulation: What becomes of the archenteron later on?

Answer 37

becomes animals digestive tract

Question 38

Gastrulation: what is the opening of the archenteron called?

Answer 38

Blastopore

Question 39

True or False: most animals have complete gut

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Gastrulation: what are the 2 openings of the gut?

Answer 40

mouth and anus

Question 41

Gastrulation: how many openings do animals with an INCOMPLETE gut at the blastopore have?

Answer 41

1

Question 42

Gastrulation: in protostomes, the blastopore becomes what opening?

Answer 42

the mouth

Question 43

Gastrulation: in deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes what opening?

Answer 43

the anus

Question 44

Gastrulation: gastrulation results in the formation of what that tissue layers that give rise to specific organs and tissues?

Answer 44

Germ layers

Question 45

Gastrulation: What are the 3 germ layers

Answer 45

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

Question 46

Gastrulation: what animals only have the ectoderm and endoderm

Answer 46

Diploblastic animals

Question 47

Gastrulation: what animals have all 3 germ layers

Answer 47

Triploblastic animals

Question 48

Coelom formation: what is the body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm?

Answer 48

Coelom

Question 49

Coelom formation: what are the 2 functions of coelom

Answer 49

1. cushioning and protection for gut 2. hydrostatic skeleton for soft-bodied animals

Question 50

Coelom formation: what is the body cavity partially surrounded by mesoderm called?

Answer 50

Pseudocoelom

Question 51

Coelom formation: what do you call animals that lack coelom?

Answer 51

Acoelomate

Question 52

Coelom formation: in coelmoate protostomes, the coelom is formed the mesoderm splitting called?

Answer 52

schizocoely

Question 53

Coelom formation: what protostomes have mesoderm cells deposited along the outer edge of the blastocoel?

Answer 53

pseudocoelomate protostomes

Question 54

Coelom formation: in deuterostomes, the coelom is formed by the sides of the archenteron pushed outward and produce a pouch-like compartment which pinched off is called?

Answer 54

enterocoely

Question 55

What is the formation of organs from different germ layers called?

Answer 55

Organogenesis

Question 56

Organogenesis: The ectoderm gives rise to what?

Answer 56

skin and nervous system

Question 57

Organogenesis: in the ectoderm, describe the process of forming the neural tube and nerves

Answer 57

1. neural plate forms above notochord, folding in on itself folding neural tube 2. neural crest give rise to nerves

Question 58

Organogenesis: mesoderm gives rise to what?

Answer 58

Notochord, muscular, circulatory, and urinary and reproductive organs

Question 59

Organogenesis: what is the first functional organ in the embryo?

Answer 59

the heart

Question 60

Organogenesis: the endoderm gives rise to what?

Answer 60

gut lining, urinary bladder, respiratory tract, pharynx, liver, pancreas

Question 61

Organogenesis: In the endoderm, what persists in the embryos of terrestrial vertebrates?

Answer 61

Pharyngeal gill arches

Question 62

Organogenesis: what is the sequence of 180 DNA base pairs that regulate embryonic development?

Answer 62

Homeobox

Question 63

Organogenesis: what is a subset of homeobox that determine an animals body plan like segmentation, limb formation, and head-tail directionality?

Answer 63

Hox genes

Question 64

Organogenesis: what can these mutations in genes lead to?

Answer 64

structures growing in the wrong parts of the body