Animal Tissues Flashcards
what are the 2 types of NONCELLULAR components?
- Body fluids
- extracellular structural elements
what are the two body fluids in eumatozoans that occupy 2 different compartments?
- Intracellular space; cytoplasm
- extracellular space; outside cell
extracellular fluids can be either?
Blood plasma or interstitial fluid (tissue fluid)
A group of similar cells with a common function and all animals have cells but NOT all have this
Tissue
What are the 4 types of tissue the germ layer germinates into?
- epithelial
- connective
- muscular
- nervous
what is a sheet of cells that covers an internal or external surface?
Epithelium Tissue
what is the epithelial tissue supported by?
basement memberane
what layer of epithelia is only one?
Simple
what layer of epithelia is two or more?
Stratified
what layer of epithelia has one layer but appears to have multiple layers?
Psuedostratified
what epithelial shape is flattened?
squamous
what epithelial shape is boxlike?
cuboidal
what epithelial shape is long?
columnar
what type of epithelium is found in the lining of the capillaries, lungs, and other surfaces where diffusion is necessary?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
What type of epithelium is found in the inner linings of ducts and tubules and secrete or absorb substances?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
What type of epithelium is found on highly absorptive surfaces such as the lining of the intestines and often have microvilli to increase surface area?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal and vagina and can withstand mild mechanical abrasion and distortion and the basal layer continuously divides to replace cells?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What type of epithelium is a subtype of stratified epithelium and is specialized for stretching and found in urinary tract and bladder?
Transitional Epithelium
What are the three uncommon types of epithelia?
- Stratified Cuboidal
- Stratified Columnar
- Pseudostratified Columnar
What is a diverse group of binding/supportive tissues, has less cells and more extracellular fibers made of collagen and contain ground substance?
Connective tissue
What is the matrix made of?
Ground substance and fibers
What connective tissue is also called areolar tissue and “packing material”
Loose connective tissue
What connective tissue forms tendons, ligaments, and fascia and the fibers are tightly packed with little ground substance?
Dense connective tissue
What SPECIALIZED connective tissue is a fluid ground substance and lack fibers like blood and lymph?
Vascular tissue
what SPECIALIZED tissue is fat tissue?
Adipose
What SPECIALIZED connective tissue is semirigid, cells (chondrocytes) are located in lacunae, no direct blood supply (slow healing), and most common is the hyaline?
Cartilage
What SPECIALIZED connective tissue is the strongest connective tissue in vertebrates, calcified matrix with salts organized around collagen fibers and Lacunae also contain osteocytes?
Bone
What tissue is the most abundant and specialized in contraction?
Muscular Tissue
what is the cytoplasm in muscle fibers called?
Sarcoplasm
What are proteins within the sarcoplasm called?
Myofibrils
What muscular tissue is alternating dark and light bands appearing stripped?
Striated muscle
What striated muscle is also called voluntary muscle in vertebrates and activated by conscious central nervous system control and is long, cylindrical fibers with multiple nuclei?
Skeletal muscle
What striated muscle is only found in the vertebrate heart and is involuntary; controlled by pacemaker cells?
Cardiac muscle
What striated muscle is only found in SOME invertebrates and the fibers are diagonally arranged?
Obliquely striated muscle
What muscular tissue is also known as visceral muscle or involuntary muscles controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones, no bands, and fibers are long and tapered with only one nucleus?
Smooth muscle
What tissue is specialized for impulse conduction and stimuli reception?
Nervous Tissue
What nervous tissue is the basic functional unit?
Neurons
What nervous tissue insulates neurons and has supportive functions?
Neuroglia
What part of the neuron is the nucleated cell body?
Soma
What part of the neuron has multiple extensions that protrude from the soma and receive signals from other neurons and from receptors?
Dendrites
What part of the neuron is a long structure that carries signals away from the soma to other neurons?
Axon or nerve fiber
What part of the neuron is made up of Schwann cells, insulates axon, and increases transmission speed?
Myelin sheath
What part of the neuron has gaps in the myelin sheath and allow action potentials to jump between nodes?
Nodes of Ranvier
What part of the neuron is found at the end of the axon and release neurotransmitters and electrical signals to the next neuron?
Synaptic terminals
True or False:
More complex levels of organization allow for larger body sizes
True
Are small animals disadvantaged compared to large animals?
No
What are the 3 advantages to a LARGER body size?
- Protection against predation
- Less energy cost for movement
- improved homeostasis
True or False:
surface area increases MORE SLOWLY than volume
true
True or False:
Do larger animals have less surface area RELATIVE to volume as compared to smaller animals?
true
what mechanisms could the ratio limit?
Gas exchange
What are the 2 solutions that larger animals evolved against the limitations of the ratio?
- Internal transport systems
2.Flattened bodies
