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Zoology LEC > History Of Animal Life On Earth > Flashcards

History Of Animal Life On Earth Flashcards

1
Q

It gives us the bulk of insights into history of life and cam be completed remains, fragments of hard parts, or traces

A

Fossil record

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2
Q

It measures the decay of radioactive elements in igneous rocks

A

Radiometric dating

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3
Q

What is commonly used for dating bio materials less than 75,000 years old?

A

Carbon-14

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4
Q

What was used before radiometric dating to identify the geological time scale?

A

Strata

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5
Q

What are the 3 limitations of the fossil record?

A
  1. Some time periods are not properly represented
  2. Small amount of fossils recovered
  3. Biased towards more abundant and widespread species
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6
Q

True or false: fossil records still allow us to understand how biodiversity changed over time

A

True

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7
Q

What uses genetic data from different organisms to generate branching trees that represent hypotheses of how different organisms are related?

A

Molecular data

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8
Q

What hypothesis states that DNA and protein sequences evolve at a relatively constant rate?

A

Molecular clock hypothesis

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9
Q

Why do molecular and fossil evidence not always agree?

A

They provide different estimates for the dates of origins for specific groups

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10
Q

What period in The Precambrian did the genetic toolkit of animals evolved?

A

Ediacaran period

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11
Q

What was the genetic toolkit in the Ediacaran period based on?

A

Similarities between animals and choanoflagellates

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12
Q

What rapid diversification of life happened in the Paleozoic?

A

Cambrian explosion

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13
Q

How long did the Cambrian explosion last? And what first appeared?

A

20 million years; Modern phyla

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14
Q

Three possible causes of the Cambrian explosion

A
  1. Increase in atmospheric oxygen
  2. Evolution of new gene regulation mechanisms
  3. New inter species interactions led to more evolution
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15
Q

Describe the earliest true vertebrates that diversified during the Cambrian

A

Chordates were jawless fish with bony armor

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16
Q

Describe what first appeared during the Silurian

A

Gnathostomes are vertebrates with jaws and paired limbs

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17
Q

What were the first terrestrial animals?

A

Arthropods

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18
Q

What preceded before terrestrial animal evolution?

A

Terrestrial plant evolution

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19
Q

What evolved during the Carboniferous and reached gigantic size?

A

Winged insects; Arthropods

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20
Q

The first terrestrial vertebrates evolved from?

A

Lobe-finned fishes: Tiktaalik

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21
Q

What tetrapods diversified in the Carboniferous?

A

Amniotes

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22
Q

What are the two groups of Amniotes?

A
  1. Sauropsids
  2. Synapsids
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23
Q

What amniote was the lineage of reptiles and birds?

A

Sauropsids

24
Q

What amniote was the lineage if therapsids and mammals?

25
What is a widespread and rapid loss of biodiversity over a short period of time where species are lost faster than they can be replaced?
Mass extinction
26
What was the first major mass extinction that happened 443 MYA and killed 85% of species?
Ordovician-Silurian ME
27
What was the second major mass extinction that happened 374 MYA and killed 75% of species?
Devonian ME
28
What was the third major mass extinction that was the largest and happened 250 MYA where 95% if species were killed and caused by a large volcanic eruption in Serbia?
Permian ME
29
What was the fourth major mass extinction that happened 200 MYA and killed 80% of species?
Triassic ME
30
What is the fifth major mass extinction that killed 78% of species caused by an asteroid, lowering global temperatures?
Certaceous-Palogene ME
31
What was the Mesozoic often called as?
Age of Reptiles
32
Why did predation escalate during the Mesozoic?
Evolutionary arms race: predator and prey coevolve
33
What sauropsids consisted of lizards, snakes evolving from lizards, and tuaturas
Lepidosaurs
34
What sauropsid consisted of crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds? Where crocodiles and birds are the only surviving?
Archosaurs
35
What first appeared in the late Triassic and has 2 major groups?
Dinosaurs
36
What dinosaur is lizard-hipped, herbivorous with specialized teeth such as triceratops?
Ornithischian
37
What dinosaurs is bird-hipped and has 2 major groups?
Saurichia
38
What saurichia is a large herbivore with small heads and long necks such as Brachiosaurus?
Sauropods
39
What saurichia is bipedal, mostly carnivorous such as Velociraptor?
Theropods
40
What emerged from small theropod ancestors; Archaeopteryx
Birds
41
In the Cenozoic, how long did it take for Marine animal diversity to recover?
10 million years
42
True or false: modern plant and animal families emerged and birds and mammals proliferated in the absence of non avian dinosaurs
True
43
Yes or no: was the rate if mammal diversification increased after the extinction of dinosaurs? Why?
No because extinct mammal groups coexisted with dinosaurs
44
What were the three of many mammal groups that appeared in the Cenozoic?
1. Rodentia 2. Cetacea 3. Carnivora
45
What were apes separated by and how long?
Homo sapiens; 7 million years
46
Where did the origins of the hominin and hominin evolution occur?
Africa
47
What hominin has very similar anatomy and behavior with modern humans and first to leave africa?
Homo erectus
48
What hominin appeared in Africa 200,000 years ago?
Homo sapiens
49
When did humans spread out of Africa?
60,000 years ago
50
What was the last epoch before the modern day?
Pleistocene
51
What happened in the Pleistocene epoch?
Global temperatures dropped creating land bridges for animals to move freely
52
What extinction occurred at the end of the Pleistocene and into the Holocene?
Megafaunal extinction
53
What was the sixth major extinction caused by Homo Sapiens since the Industrial revolution, putting pressure on natural world through unsustainable resource use?
Holocene ME
54
What 4 factors drive the Holocene ME?
1. Climate change 2. Habitat destruction 3. Unsustainable resource use 4. Hunting
55
How long till the next massive extinction?
240-540 years

Zoology LEC (16 decks)

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