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HD2 > Problems Of The Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Problems Of The Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What joins the urethra within the prostate

A

Ejaculatory duct

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2
Q

What are the 4 main areas of the prostate

A

Peripheral
Central
Transition
Anterior fibromuscular stroma

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3
Q

What hormone causes growth of the prostate

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

Is the fluid secreted by the prostate and added to seminal fluid acid or alkali

A

Alkali

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5
Q

Largest zone of the prostate

A

Peripheral

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6
Q

What types of tissue make up the prostate

A

Glandular
Fibromuscular

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7
Q

What zone of the prostate does cancer tend to start in

A

Peripheral

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8
Q

Why does benign prostatic hyperplasia occur more with advancing age

A

Longer exposure to testosterone

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9
Q

What causes BPH

A

Age related enlargement
Testicular androgens
Oestrogens
Prostatic stromatolites and epithelial tissue interactions
Nuerotransmitters

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10
Q

What molecule’s action is blocked in the epithelium preventing apoptosis leading to BPH

A

Estradiol

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11
Q

What is testosterone converted to in stromal cells and epithelial cells

A

Stromal - estradiol
Epithelial - DHT

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12
Q

What does activation of the estrogen receptor beta receptor in epithelial cells and estrogen receptor alpha in stromal cells lead to

A

Beta Apoptosis
Alpha proliferation

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13
Q

What causes BPE symptoms

A

Narrowing of urethra

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14
Q

BPE symptoms

A

Weak/interrupted urine flow
Nocturia
Frequent urination
Trouble urinating
Pain/burning on urination
Blood in urine or semen

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15
Q

2 acronyms for BPE symptoms

A

SHITE - Slow stream, Hesitancy, Intermittent flow, Terminal dribbling, Emptying incomplete
FUN - Frequency, Urgency, Nocturia

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16
Q

What age does BPE usually occur

A

40+

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17
Q

BPE diagnosis

A

Digital rectal exam
Ultrasound
Blood test - PSA

18
Q

What substance is tested in blood to check for prostate cancer and BPE

A

Prostate specific antigen

19
Q

Is prostate specific antigen higher in prostate cancer or BPE

A

Cancer

20
Q

BPE pharmacotherapy

A

Alpha1 adrenergic blockers
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors

21
Q

BPE Surgical treatments

A

Transurethral resection of the prostate
Open prostatectomy
UroLift
Laser ablation
Transurethral microwave
High energy ultrasound therapy

22
Q

Which type of inguinal hernia occurs in babies

A

Indirect

23
Q

Which type of inguinal hernia travels through the inguinal canal and which pushes through a weakened section of the abdominal wall

A

Indirect - inguinal canal
Direct - abdo wall

24
Q

Are indirect hernias lateral or medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

A

Lateral

25
Q

What part of the abdominal wall are direct hernias most likely to occur in

A

Hasselbachs triangle

26
Q

Are direct inguinal hernias more likely to be congenital or acquired

A

Acquired

27
Q

When can a truss be used for direct inguinal hernia treatment

A

If hernia is reducible

28
Q

Which side do indirect inguinal hernias more commonly occur

A

Right

29
Q

How are indirect inguinal hernias treated

A

Surgery

30
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Complete inability to have erection, inconsistent ability to have erection, or ability for short term erections

31
Q

What muscle relaxes to cause an erection

A

Cavernosal smooth muscle

32
Q

How does relaxation of Cavernosal smooth muscle cause erection

A

Allows more blood inflow
Compresses venous outflow

33
Q

What causes Cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation

A

NO

34
Q

How does viagra work

A

Inhibits PDE-5

35
Q

Erectile dysfunction treatment

A

Viagra
Penile prosthesis

36
Q

Peyronie’s disease

A

Bent penis due to scar tissue in shaft

37
Q

What causes Peyronie’s disease

A

Scar tissue in penis shaft

38
Q

Peyronie’s disease treatment

A

Stretching
Para-aminobenzoate
Topical verapamil
Surgery

39
Q

Varicocele

A

Varicose veins of the (left) scrotum

40
Q

Which testicle does varicocele occur in and why

A

Always left
90* angle of spermatic vein into left renal vein

HD2 (23 decks)

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