Problems Of The Male Reproductive System Flashcards
What joins the urethra within the prostate
Ejaculatory duct
What are the 4 main areas of the prostate
Peripheral
Central
Transition
Anterior fibromuscular stroma
What hormone causes growth of the prostate
Testosterone
Is the fluid secreted by the prostate and added to seminal fluid acid or alkali
Alkali
Largest zone of the prostate
Peripheral
What types of tissue make up the prostate
Glandular
Fibromuscular
What zone of the prostate does cancer tend to start in
Peripheral
Why does benign prostatic hyperplasia occur more with advancing age
Longer exposure to testosterone
What causes BPH
Age related enlargement
Testicular androgens
Oestrogens
Prostatic stromatolites and epithelial tissue interactions
Nuerotransmitters
What molecule’s action is blocked in the epithelium preventing apoptosis leading to BPH
Estradiol
What is testosterone converted to in stromal cells and epithelial cells
Stromal - estradiol
Epithelial - DHT
What does activation of the estrogen receptor beta receptor in epithelial cells and estrogen receptor alpha in stromal cells lead to
Beta Apoptosis
Alpha proliferation
What causes BPE symptoms
Narrowing of urethra
BPE symptoms
Weak/interrupted urine flow
Nocturia
Frequent urination
Trouble urinating
Pain/burning on urination
Blood in urine or semen
2 acronyms for BPE symptoms
SHITE - Slow stream, Hesitancy, Intermittent flow, Terminal dribbling, Emptying incomplete
FUN - Frequency, Urgency, Nocturia
What age does BPE usually occur
40+
BPE diagnosis
Digital rectal exam
Ultrasound
Blood test - PSA
What substance is tested in blood to check for prostate cancer and BPE
Prostate specific antigen
Is prostate specific antigen higher in prostate cancer or BPE
Cancer
BPE pharmacotherapy
Alpha1 adrenergic blockers
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
BPE Surgical treatments
Transurethral resection of the prostate
Open prostatectomy
UroLift
Laser ablation
Transurethral microwave
High energy ultrasound therapy
Which type of inguinal hernia occurs in babies
Indirect
Which type of inguinal hernia travels through the inguinal canal and which pushes through a weakened section of the abdominal wall
Indirect - inguinal canal
Direct - abdo wall
Are indirect hernias lateral or medial to the inferior epigastric vessels
Lateral
What part of the abdominal wall are direct hernias most likely to occur in
Hasselbachs triangle
Are direct inguinal hernias more likely to be congenital or acquired
Acquired
When can a truss be used for direct inguinal hernia treatment
If hernia is reducible
Which side do indirect inguinal hernias more commonly occur
Right
How are indirect inguinal hernias treated
Surgery
Erectile dysfunction
Complete inability to have erection, inconsistent ability to have erection, or ability for short term erections
What muscle relaxes to cause an erection
Cavernosal smooth muscle
How does relaxation of Cavernosal smooth muscle cause erection
Allows more blood inflow
Compresses venous outflow
What causes Cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation
NO
How does viagra work
Inhibits PDE-5
Erectile dysfunction treatment
Viagra
Penile prosthesis
Peyronie’s disease
Bent penis due to scar tissue in shaft
What causes Peyronie’s disease
Scar tissue in penis shaft
Peyronie’s disease treatment
Stretching
Para-aminobenzoate
Topical verapamil
Surgery
Varicocele
Varicose veins of the (left) scrotum
Which testicle does varicocele occur in and why
Always left
90* angle of spermatic vein into left renal vein
