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HD2 > Male Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the testes

A

Compound tubular gland
Contained within tunica albuginea
Divided into lobules by septa
Each lobule contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Thick Connective tissue coat of testes

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3
Q

2 steps of sperm development

A

Spermatogenesis
Spermiogenesis

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Undifferentiated spermatogonium develops into spermatid
Step 1

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5
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Spermatid matures into a spermatozoan
Step 2

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6
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis occur

A

Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What divides the basal and adluminal compartments of the germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells

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8
Q

What are the stem cells of Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia

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9
Q

Where are spermatogonia and what do they do

A

Rest on seminiferous tubules basement membrane
Divide mitotically - make more spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

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10
Q

What do primary spermatocytes do

A

Migrate to adluminal compartment
Enter meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes

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11
Q

Which stage of meiosis is prolonged in primary spermatocytes

A

Prophase - allows more exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

Why are secondary spermatocytes rarely seen and how many pairs of chromatids do they have

A

Short period between first and second meiosis division
23 pairs

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13
Q

which meiotic division produced haploid spermatid

A

Second

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14
Q

Why is cytokinesis not complete in spermatid

A

Leaves cytoplasmic bridges for material exchange for synchronous maturation

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15
Q

Cellular changes in Spermiogenesis

A

Acrosome develops and overlies nucleus
Flagellum grows
Mitochondria arrange around flagellum
Majority of Cytoplasm cast off as residual body

(Flagellum faces lumen, head faces basal compartment)

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16
Q

What is the flagellum

A

Modified cilium that develops around the centrioles of the spermatid

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17
Q

What is the residual body and what happens to it

A

Cytoplasm cast of by spermatid during Spermiogenesis
Consumed by sertoli cells

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18
Q

Where are Sertoli cells

A

Germinal epithelium

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19
Q

Characteristics of Sertoli cells

A

Abundant cytoplasm
Oval nucleus
Dark nucleolus
Extend from basement membrane to lumen of seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

Sertoli cell function

A

Structural and chemical support to developing spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids

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21
Q

What substances do Sertoli cells produce and what do they do

A

Androgen binding protein - keeps testosterone level high, production stimulated by FSH
Inhibin - decr FSH production

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22
Q

Where are leydig cells

A

Connective tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules

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23
Q

What do leydig cells do

A

Produce testosterone

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24
Q

Which cells contain cytoplasmic crystals of reinke

A

Leydig cells

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25
Q

How are Sertoli cells connected

A

Junctional complexes of tight and adhesion junctions close to basement membrane

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26
Q

Features of seminiferous tubules pre puberty

A

mostly Sertoli cells
Occasional pri spermatocyte
Most of interstitial tissue between tubules are fibroblasts
Few leydig cells

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27
Q

Rete testes

A

Connects seminiferous tubules to ductus deferens

28
Q

Function of microvilli in rete testes

A

Move spermatozoa along
Absorb excess material from seminal fluid

29
Q

Type of epithelium in rete testes

A

Ciliated cuboidal

30
Q

Epididymis

A

Muscular convoluted tubule that stores spermatozoa

31
Q

Where do sperm become mobile

A

Epididymis

32
Q

Epididymis and ductus deferens epithelium

A

Pseudostratified with non motile stereocilia

33
Q

Ductus deferens

A

Muscular tubule that carries sperm downstream from epididymis

34
Q

Is the muscular wall of the epididymis or ductus deferens thicker

A

Ductus deferens

35
Q

How many muscular layers in the wall of the epididymis

A

3 - inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal

36
Q

Where do secretions from the seminal vesicles enter the ductus deferens

A

Ampulla

37
Q

What is formed after the tubes from the seminal vesicles joins the ductus deferens

A

Ejaculatory duct

38
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Glandular sacs that produce a secretion that composes 80% of the seminal fluid

39
Q

Histological Appearance of seminal vesicles

A

Honeycombed saccules
Thin highly branched folds of mucosa
Pseudostratified colomnar epithelium
Smooth muscle around saccules

40
Q

Prostate

A

Walnut sized conglomeration of tubular acinar glands that surround the initial segment of the urethra

41
Q

Purpose of the secretion from the prostate

A

Prevents semen coagulation - citric acid and proteolytic enzymes
Neutralise low pH in female repro tract - alkaline

42
Q

What accumulates in the prostate with age

A

Prostatic concretions

43
Q

Prostate epithelium

A

Columnar,
Numerous flattened basal cells visible

44
Q

What surrounds the glands in the prostate

A

Stroma containing smooth muscle and connective tissue

45
Q

3 columns of erectile tissue in the penis

A

2x corpus cavernosa
1x corpus spongiosum

46
Q

Which column of erectile tissue in the penis contains the urethra

A

Corpus spongiosum

47
Q

Epithelium in urethra

A

Transitional
Stratified squamous at opening

48
Q

Atrophic testes

A

Shrinking and loss of function of testes

49
Q

Atrophic testes histological characteristics

A

No cells of Spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules
Sertoli and leydig cells still present
Thicker basement membrane

50
Q

How is testosterone level affected by Atrophic testes

A

No effect or increase - testosterone still made normally by leydig cells, may decr as not being bound to androgen binding protein

51
Q

Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate

A

Nodules form from hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal cells which can compress urethra and obstruct urine flow

52
Q

What tissues are in nodular hyperplasia of the prostate

A

Glandular
Fibrous

53
Q

Are benign or malignant glands larger in prostate adenocarcinomas

A

Benign

54
Q

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate malignant gland histological characteristics

A

Lack basal cells
Nucleoli

55
Q

Testicular torsion symptoms and signs

A

Unilateral scrotal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Absent cremaster is reflex

56
Q

Pathophysiology of testicular torsion

A

Venous compromise -> arterial occlusion -> ischaemia

57
Q

Testicular torsion treatment

A

Detorsion
Orchidopexy
Orchiectomy

58
Q

What type of cancer are 95% of testicular cancers

A

Germ cell tumours

59
Q

2 types of testicular germ cell tumours

A

Seminomas
Non seminomas

60
Q

Testicular cancer presentation

A

Unilateral palpable mass
Age 30-49

61
Q

Where do testicular seminomas originate

A

Germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules

62
Q

Where do testicular non seminomas originate

A

Yolk sack
Embryonic cell
Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma

63
Q

Are testicular seminomas or non seminomas more likely to metastasise

A

Non seminomas

64
Q

Testicular cancer treatment

A

Radical orchiectomy
Surveillance
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection - residual post chemotherapy disease

65
Q

Testicular seminomas histological characteristics

A

Cells with large vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and clear cytoplasm in seminiferous tubule

66
Q

Most common type of yolk sack tumour

A

Microcystic yolk sac tumour

HD2 (23 decks)

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