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HD2 > Age Related Changes 2 > Flashcards

Age Related Changes 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Effects on heart

A

Heart wall thickens
Diastolic filling rate decr
Systolic BP incr
Left ventricular mass and volume decr

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2
Q

How are heart size and election fraction changed with age

A

No change

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3
Q

Changes to peripheral circulation

A

Max o2 consumption decr
Beta adrenergic modulation decr
Stroke volume incr

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4
Q

Why does stroke volume incr w age

A

Counteract decr heart rate

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5
Q

How does age related cardiac hypertrophy differ between males and females

A

Male - eccentric hypertrophy
Female - concentric hypertrophy

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6
Q

How does oestrogen decr in women with age affect cardiac hypertrophy

A

Oestrogen receptor prevents hypertrophy
Less oestrogen -> oestrogen receptor in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts lost -> hypertrophy

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7
Q

Are AAA more likely in men or women

A

Men

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8
Q

How are AAAs screened

A

Ultrasound

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9
Q

How are AAAs found during screening managed

A

Small - not treated
Medium - checked for size incr next year
Large - check every 3 mo or emergency referral to surgeon

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10
Q

Effects on pulmonary system

A

Trachea and central airways incr in size
Chest wall thickens
Cilia nbr and activity decr
Glandular cell decr
Decr nerve endings in larynx
Decr IgA

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11
Q

How are pulmonary function measurements affected with age

A

Incr residual volume
Incr anatomic dead space
Decr lung weight

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12
Q

When are age related pulmonary changes noticeable

A

Exercise

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13
Q

Effects of incr chest wall thickness

A

Loss of elastic recoil
Incr closing volume
Decr max expiratory flow
Incr resp failure risk

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14
Q

Why is respiratory infection risk increased with age

A

Less removal of pathogens - decr cilia, decr cilia activity, decr mucus secreting cells, blunted cough reflex
Less IgA
Less neutrophil migration

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15
Q

Why is the cough reflex blunted with age

A

Decreased nerve endings in larynx

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16
Q

Anatomical Effects on renal system

A

Kidney size decr
Glomeruli nbr decr
Renal tube changes
Renal blood vessels get smaller and thicker
Decr renal tubular cell nbr
Thickened tubular walls
Decr GFR
incr SNGRF

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17
Q

Effects of decr renal tubular cell number and incr tubular wall thickness

A

Decr ability to concentrate urine
Decr ability to clear drugs

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18
Q

Functional effects on renal system

A

Decr GFR
decr renal blood flow
Decr Na conservation

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19
Q

Why does Na conservation decr w age

A

Lower plasma renin activity
Urinary aldosterone excretion

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20
Q

Why are renal system changes more significant in diabetes patients

A

Changes to basement membrane

21
Q

What can cause increase single nephron glomerular filtration rate with age

A

Compensatory hyper function due to loss of nephrons

22
Q

Effects of ureter, urethra, and bladder tone and elasticity loss with age

A

Incomplete bladder emptying
Decr bladder capacity - incr urination freq and urgency

23
Q

How does prostate growth effect bladder emptying

A

Compresses urethra

24
Q

Effects of age on brain

A

Decr brain mass
Decr cerebral bloodflow

25
Q

What do age related brain changes lead to

A

Decreased coordination
Prolonged reaction time
Short term memory impairment
Decr sensory conduction time
Incr BBB permeability

26
Q

Is age related decr in white or grey matter more significant

A

Grey

27
Q

Effects of increased BBB permeability

A

Easier for pathogens and drugs to reach brain

28
Q

Which hormone is effected by age

A

Serotonin - loss of receptors

29
Q

What can decreased serotonin effect

A

Pain
Sleep
Feeding
Sexual behaviour
Cardiac regulation
Cognition
Hemostasis
GI motility
Immuno modulation
Antidepressants function

30
Q

Effects of ageing on vision

A

Presbyopia - lens growth and fluid loss decreases lens flexibility
Decr pupil size
Yellowing of lens
Decr lens fluid and lens flexibility
Dry eyes - lacrimal gland less effective

31
Q

Effects on liver

A

Regeneration capacity decreases
Cell function decrease
Size decr
Lipofuscin accumulation in hepatocytes
Hepatic blood flow decr
Decr P450 enzymes - decr drug metabolism

32
Q

Average hepatocytes lifespan

A

150 days

33
Q

Why is the liver less effected by age than other organs

A

Regeneration

34
Q

Effects on immune system

A

Decr innate immune cell function
Cell mediated response decr
Humeral response decr
Thymus size decr
Less T cell proliferation
Less antibody production
Incr pro inflammatory cytokines

35
Q

Effects on innate immune cells

A

Neutrophils - decr chemotaxis, phagocytosis
Monocytes/macrophages - incr pro inflam CD16+ population, decr phagocytosis
Dendritic cells - decr nbr, less IL12
NK cells - function decr, decr chemokine production, nbr increase

36
Q

Effects of thymus atrophy

A

Decr naive T cells

37
Q

Effects on oral cavity

A

Xerostomia
Loss of taste and smell

38
Q

Effects on stomach

A

Gastric muscle atrophy
Gastric mucosa thins
Elastic fibres replace smooth muscle
Gastric secretion decr
pH decr
Gastric emptying slows

39
Q

Why is B12 deficiency more common in old age

A

Incr pH decr B12 release from food

40
Q

Why does gastric pH incr w age

A

Latent H pylori infection destroys parietal cells

41
Q

Effects on intestines

A

Decr pancreatic and gastric enzymes
Constipation
Fecal incontinence

42
Q

Absorption of which nutrients are impeded with age

A

Vitamin d
Calcium
Iron folic acid

43
Q

Why are fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism not effected by decreased enzymes

A

Spare capacity of enzymes

44
Q

What causes constipation and fecal incontinence with age

A

Slowed circulation
Decr thirst
Decr activity
Slowed peristalsis from decr GI tone

45
Q

Effects on endocrine system

A

Reg and feedback mechanisms deteriorate
Binding affinity and receptor decr
Glucose tolerance decr
Sex hormone decr

46
Q

What endocrine functions are effected by aging

A

Glucose homeostasis
Reproductive function
Calcium metabolism
Adrenal function
Thyroid function

47
Q

Hair changes

A

Epidermis thins
Melanocyte decr
Decr elasticity
Pigment spots
Easier bruising
Sebaceous glands less active
Less subcutaneous fat
Sweat glands less active

48
Q

Hair changes

A

Grey hair - follicles produce less melanin
Hair thickness decr
Hair growth rate decr

49
Q

Why is bruising easier with age

A

Thinner skin
Fragile blood vessels

HD2 (23 decks)

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