Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HD2 > Female Reproductive Pathology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained in the cortex and medulla of the ovaries

A

Medulla - blood vessels and nerves
Cortex - developing follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stages of follicle development

A

Primordial follicle
Early primary follicle
Late primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Tertiary/graffiti follicle
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
Atretic follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do primordial follicles develop

A

Fetal ovary in 1st 5 months gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primordial follicle characteristics

A

Oocyte surrounded by single layer squamous follicular cells
Remain at first meiotic division until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Early primordial follicle characteristics

A

Central oocyte surrounded by single layer cuboidal follicular cells
Limited number triggered to develop at start of each menstrual cycle by FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Late primary follicle characteristics

A

Zona granuloma forms
Zona pellucida enlarges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Thin hard band of glycoproteins that separates the oocyte and follicular cells, proteins on sperm bind to specific glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the zona granuloma forms

A

Follicular cells proliferate into stratified epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Secondary follicle characteristics

A

Follicular antrum in granuloma layer
Increased zona granuloma layers
Thicker zona pellucida
Larger oocyte
The cal cells outside follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the follicular antrum contain

A

Fluid containing Hylauronan and proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do thecal cells produce

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tertiary/graffian follicle characteristics

A

2n haploid oocyte
Follicular antrum makes up most of follicle
Secondary oocyte located eccentrically
Zona pellucida and corona radiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does a follicle become tertiary/ graffian

A

After 1st meiotic division before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Corpus luteum characteristics

A

Formed from remaining cells of granuloma and Theda interna after release of ovum
Blood clot in centre
Granuloma lutein surrounds clot
Theca lutein cells outside granuloma lutein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Corpus albicans characteristics

A

Fibrous material Formed from involution of corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long does the corpus luteum stay active after ovulation before becoming the corpus albicans

A

14 days - LH levels fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when the corpus luteum involves

A

Secretory cells degenerate and are phagocytoses by macrophages and replaced by fibrous material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to primordial follicles that are stimulated to develop during menstrual cycle but don’t complete development

A

Atresia - degenerate to atretic follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during atresia of primordial follicles

A

Granuloma cells undergo apoptosis and replaced by fibrous material
Oocyte degenerates
Basement membrane becomes glassy membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the basement membrane separate in follicles

A

Oocyte and granuloma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to all but 1 primordial follicle

A

Atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Segments of oviduct

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Pars interstitialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does mucosa change as oviduct gets closer to uterus

A

Mucosa folds become smaller
Smooth muscle increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 types of epithelium in the oviduct and their functions

A

Ciliated - move ovum
Non ciliated secretory/ peg cells - release secretions that lubricate, nourish, and protect ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Layers of uterus

A

Endometrium - mucosal
Myometrium - muscular
Perimetrium - serosal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 layers of endometrium

A

Stratum functionalis
Stratum basalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which layer of the uterus responds to oxytocin

A

Myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which layer of the endometrium expands, vascularises, and is sloughed off during the menstrual cycle

A

Stratum functionalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stages of the uterine cycle

A

Proliferation stage
Secretory phase
Menstrual pahse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A

Growth of epithelium in stratum functionalis
Coiled densely packed glands and spiral arteries formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which hormone drives the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do glands in the endometrium contain during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

A

Nothing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle begin

A

Ovulation

34
Q

Secretory phase of the uterine cycle

A

Glands become more completely coiled
Max endometrium thickness
Secretions in lumina of glands containing glycogen and glycoproteins

35
Q

Menstrual phase of uterine cycle

A

Spiral arteries constrict
Tissue becomes ischaemic and cells die
Stratum functionalis sloughed off

36
Q

What causes the corpus luteum to degenerate

A

LH decrease

37
Q

What hormones drive each stage of the uterine cycle

A

Proliferative - oestrogen
Secretory - progesterone
Menstrual - progesterone fall

38
Q

2 parts of the cervix and their epitheliums

A

Endocervix - simple columnar
Ectocervix - stratified squamous

39
Q

Transition point between endocervix and ectocervix

A

External os

40
Q

Vagina epithelium

A

Stratified squamous w small degree keratisation

41
Q

Layers of vagina

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Thick dense irregular CT
Loose connective tissue containing many blood vessels and nerves

42
Q

Layers of cervix

A

Epithelium
Collagenous and elastic connective tissues

43
Q

What is checked in a PAP smear

A

dysplasia and pre cancerous cancers in cervix cells

44
Q

Dysplastic cell characteristics

A

Reduced cytoplasm
Incr nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

45
Q

Differences between low grade and high grade intra epithelial lesions on PAP smears

A

Low - usually from HPV and resolve spontaneously
High - indicate cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or carcinoma in situ

46
Q

What is cervical intraepithelial neoplasia classed into stages based on

A

Nuclei appearance - larger and darker in more severe
Basal cells - only in lower 1/3 of epithelium is low grade, in upper 2/3 indicates high grade

47
Q

CIN I, II, and III

A

I - mild dysplasia, nuclear angulation, vacuolization
II - variation in cell and nuclei size, more layers of epithelium affected
III - changes of cell and nuclear size + abnormal mitoses in all epithelium layers

48
Q

Endometrial cancer treatment

A

Hysterectomy

49
Q

What hormone is linked to endometrial cancer

A

Excessive oestrogen

50
Q

How does endometrial cancer appear

A

Polyploid masses projecting into endometrial cavity - irregular crowded glands lined by columnar epithelium w pseudostratified nuclei and mild atypical cytology

51
Q

Most common uterine neoplasm

A

Leiomyoma/ fibroids

52
Q

Most common leiomyoma location

A

Intramural

53
Q

Leiomyoma histological characteristics

A

Very cellular
Look like normal smooth muscle

54
Q

Are leiomyomas cancerous

A

No

55
Q

Where can ovarian cancer originate from

A

Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Peritoneum
Ligaments

56
Q

Why are ovarian cancers often diagnosed late

A

Often asymptomatic

57
Q

How does an ovarian cystadenoma appear microscopically and histologically

A

Multi cystic mass with fine papillary projection
Cyst lined w ciliated pseudostratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium

58
Q

Where do germ cell tumours originate from

A

Primordial germ cells

59
Q

What gland type is the breast a modified version of

A

Sweat gland

60
Q

Gland types in the areola

A

Sebaceous
Sweat
Mammory

61
Q

Glandular architecture of the breast

A

Secretory alveoli
Intralobular ducts
Interlobar oar ducts
Lactiferous ducts

62
Q

What component of the secretory alveoli release milk

A

Cells in tubuloalveolar glands

63
Q

Terminal duct lobular unit

A

Lobule + intrerlobular ducts
Drain into lactiferous duct

64
Q

Cell types in TDLU

A

outer myoepithelial cells - contract to propel milk into duct
Inner epithelial cells

65
Q

What bounds each TDLU

A

Basement membrane

66
Q

Lactiferous duct epithelium

A

Columnar

67
Q

Why does the majority of breast disease originate in the Lactiferous ducts

A

Cycling hormonal growth
High cell turnover

68
Q

Lactiferous sinus

A

Dilation in areola that stores milk between breatfeeding

69
Q

What happens to extra TLDUs formed bp during pregnancy after breast feeding finishes

A

Decr in size, don’t completely degenerate

70
Q

How are breasts checked for microcalcifications

A

Mammogram

71
Q

Fibrocystic changes

A

Fibrosis
Cysts
Usual duct hyperplasia
Adenosis
Apocrine metaplasia

72
Q

Are fibrocystic changes more common in young or old women

A

Young

73
Q

Sclerosis adenosis

A

Proliferating Glands/lobules squeezed together
Can look infiltraring but harmless
Myoepithelial cell layer between lobules

74
Q

Apocrine metaplasia

A

Dilated acini lined by columnar cells with apocrine features, enlarged nuclei, and prominent nucleoli

75
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

Biphasic benign tumour

76
Q

What cells are proliferating in fibroadenomas

A

Ducts
Stroma

77
Q

How do fibroadenomas appear histologically

A

Thin branching ducts in sparsely cellular pink stroma
Proliferating Stroma compresses ducts to slits

78
Q

What happens to old fibroadenomas

A

Hyalinised and calcified

79
Q

Ductal carcinoma in situ

A

Pre invasive lesion with atypical cells that grow within ducts and lobules
Hasn’t broken through basement membrane into breast tissue but has potential to

80
Q

Are invasive ductal carcinomas or invasive lobular carcinomas more common

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

81
Q

Difference in malignant cells in invasive ductal and lobular carcinomas

A

Ductal - malignant cells attempt to form ducts
Lobular - malignant cells form single lines or single cells

HD2 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions