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Microbiology > Principles 1-2 > Flashcards

Principles 1-2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the elements required for cell components

A
  • macroelements
  • trace elements
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2
Q

which element is required in larger amounts

A

macroelements

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3
Q

what are C, O, N, H, S and P required for

A

they are components of CHO, proteins and lipids and nucleic acids

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4
Q

what are K, Ca, Mg, and Fe required for

A

they exist as cations and play many roles including cofactors of enzymes

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5
Q

what are the trace elements

A

Mn, Zn, Co, Mb, Ni, and Cu

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6
Q

what are the trace elements required for

A

cofactors of enzymes

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7
Q

what are the sources of energy

A

-phototrophs use light
-chemotrophs use oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

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8
Q

what are electron donors needed for

A

-ETC (energy production)
- oxidation reduction reactions
- biosynthesis in autotrophs from CO2

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9
Q

what are lithotrophs

A

reduced inorganic molecules

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10
Q

what are organotrophs

A

organic molecules

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11
Q

what are sources of carbon

A

-autotrophs : CO2 main/only source
- heterotrophs: reduced, preformed organic molecules

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12
Q

what are sources of reducing equivalents

A

lithotrophs and organotrophs

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13
Q

what are the major nutritional types of organisms

A
  • photolithotrophic autotrophy
  • photoorganotrophic hetertrophy
  • chemolithotrophic autotrophy
  • chemioorganotrophic heterotrophy
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14
Q

what type of light energy, electron donor, and carbon source do photolithotrophic autotrophs use

A
  • light energy
  • inorganic electron donor
  • CO2 carbon source
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15
Q

what type of light energy, electron donor, and carbon source do photoorganotrophic heterotrophs use

A
  • light energy
  • organic electron donor
  • organic carbon source
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16
Q

what type of light energy, electron donor, and carbon source do photoorganotrophic heterotrophs use

A
  • light energy
  • organic electron donor
  • organic carbon source
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17
Q

what type of light energy, electron donor, and carbon source do chemolithotrophic autotrophs use

A

-chemical energy source
- inorganic electron donor
- CO2 carbon source

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18
Q

what type of light energy, electron donor, and carbon source do chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs use

A

-chemical energy source
- organic electron donor
- organic carbon source

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19
Q

what are the other nutrient sources and what are they

A

-N source: amino acids, ammonia nitrate -> ammonia
- P source: inorganic phosphate (PO4)3-
- S source: sulfate (SO4)2-
- growth factors: amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, vitamins

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20
Q

what do strict aerobes do and what is the final electron acceptor

A

-perform aerobic respiration only
- final electron acceptor is oxygen ( reduced to H2O)

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21
Q

what do strict anaerobes do and what is the final electron acceptor

A
  • perform anaerobic respiration
  • final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule such as (NO3)- and Fe3+
  • perform fermentation
  • final electron acceptor is an organic molecule such as pyruvate reduced to lactate and acetyl Co-A reduced to ethanol
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22
Q

what do facultative anaerobes do

A

can perform respiration and fermentation

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23
Q

what is the most medically relevant bacteria

A

facultative anaerobes

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24
Q

what are the gram positive bacteria in the mouth and what is the shape of each and type of bacteria

A
  • streptococcus spp. : cocci, facultative anaerobes
  • peptostreptococcus spp.: cocci, strict anaerobes
  • actinomyces spp.: rods, strict/facultative anaerobes
  • lactobacillus spp.: rods, facultative anaerobes
25
Q

what are the gram negative bacteria in the mouth and what is the shape of each and type of bacteria

A
  • veillonella spp: cocci, strict anaerobes
  • aggregatibacter spp: rods, capnophillic
  • capnocytophaga spp: rods, capnophilic
  • porphyromonas spp: rods, strict anaerobes
  • prevotella spp: rods, strict anaerobes
  • fusobacterium spp: rods, strict anaerobes
  • spriochetes: spirals, strict anaerobes
26
Q

what are permeases

A

carrier proteins embedded in the plasma membrane

27
Q

what is the difference in the rate of transport between facilitated and passive diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion reaches a maximum, passive is linear

28
Q

what happens in group translocation

A
  • transported substances are chemically altered in the process
  • process uses energy from the phosphate bond in PEP
  • phosphate becomes linked to the transported substance
29
Q

what is another name for group translocation

A

PTS or PEP-PTS or phosphotransferase system

30
Q

what is transported in group translocation

A

some sugars

31
Q

what do ion driven transport systems in active transport use

A

proton motive force (gradient of protons) by coupling to an energetically unfavorable transport event (concentration of a substance against a gradient

32
Q

what are common substances transferred using ion driven transport systems in active transport

A

amino acids

33
Q

what do binding protein dependent transport systems in active transport use

A

membrane proteins that form a channel and drive substances through the channel using the energy from ATP hydrolysis

34
Q

what are common substances transported using the binding protein dependent transport system

A

sugars and amino acids

35
Q

all transport processes that use carriers can be _____

A

saturated

36
Q

why is uptake of ferric iron difficult

A

it is very insoluble

37
Q

what do microorganisms use to uptake ferric iron

A

siderophores which complexes to iron then is transported into the cell

38
Q

what does E. coli use organic compounds it grows on for

A

C, H/electrons and energy

39
Q

how many organic compounds do E coli grown on

A

more than 30

40
Q

how many compounds can pseudomonas grow on

A

several hundred

41
Q

where do nutritionally fastidious organisms grow and give example

A

in association with the human body or in complex culture medium such as staphylococci and streptococci

42
Q

what is an example of a bacteria that is an obligate intracellular parasite

A

chlamydia

43
Q

what are the microbial growth and resting states

A

lag, exponential, stationary

44
Q

growth in real world is ____

A

suboptimal

45
Q

____growth rates for different organisms

A

variable

46
Q

what do stress responses do

A

protect bacteria

47
Q

can microbes cause damage to host even when not growing and how

A

yes, immunogenic and toxin production

48
Q

some bacteria _____ when they stop growth

A

sporulate

49
Q

what are the mechanisms of adaptation

A

-maximize efficiency is using energy and resources
- respond to changes

50
Q

what are the possible results of regulation

A
  • pathways can be switched on and off
  • pathways can be turned up or turned down
51
Q

how is control established

A
  • control of enzyme activity
  • control of the number of enzyme molecules
52
Q

how can enzyme activity be controlled

A

allosteric regulation

53
Q

all enzymes have active sites used for ____

A

catalysis

54
Q

some enzymes have allosteric sites for _____

A

regulation

55
Q

what do allosteric sites do

A

bind regulatory molecules

56
Q

what are the different types of allosteric sites

A
  • noncovalent
  • reversible
  • affects activity of enzyme where positive effectors increase activity and negative effectors decrease activity
57
Q

how do effector molecules act

A
  • change affinity of enzyme for substrate
  • change Vmax
58
Q

how can you control the number of enzyme molecules

A

by regulating enzyme synethsis through attenuation or control of transcription initiation

59
Q

how can transcription initiation be controlled

A

-catabolic pathways: gene induction (by inducer)
- anabolic pathways: gene repression by corepressor

Microbiology (39 decks)

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