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Microbiology > Chapter 10-11 Intro Staphylococcus > Flashcards

Chapter 10-11 Intro Staphylococcus Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do the different gram stains reflect

A

a fundamental differentiation based on permeability, presence or absense of outer membrane and cell wall thickness

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2
Q

what are the 4 typical cell types

A
  • gram positive rods
  • gram positive cocci
  • gram negative rods
  • gram negative cocci
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3
Q

do gram positive rods have more in common with gram positive cocci or gram negative rods

A

gram positive cocci

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4
Q

what group does staphylococci fall under

A

gram positive cocci

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5
Q

what group does streptococci fall under

A

gram positive cocci

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6
Q

where are staphylococci found and what type of infections is it associated with

A

-skin infections and wounds
- carbuncles
-abscesses
-leading to life threatening deep tissue infections
-osteomyelitis
-endocarditis
- severe intoxications
-food poisoning

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7
Q

what are the groups of streptococci and what do they do

A

-alpha: S. pneumoniae
-beta: groups A-T, group A most prevalent in human disease

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8
Q

describe the type of microbe streptococci id

A

oxygen tolerant anaerobes

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9
Q

what are the major gram negative cocci

A

-neisseria meningitidis
- neisseria gonorrhea

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10
Q

what are the major gram positive rods

A
  • non spore forming aerobic rods - corynebacterium diptheriae and related diptheroids
  • spore forming rods
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11
Q

what are the aerobic spore forming rods of gram positive rods

A

bacillus anthracis

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12
Q

what are the anaerobic spore forming rods of gram positive rods

A
  • clostridium species
  • c. botulinum, c. tetani, c.perfringens, c. difficile
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13
Q

what are the major gram negative rods

A
  • enteric bacteria
  • enterobacteriaceae
    -escherichia coli, salmonella spp, shingella spp, yersinia, pseudotuberculosis
  • vibrio cholerae, camyplobacter jejuni, helicobacter pylori
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14
Q

what are the major non-enteric gram negative rods

A
  • pseudomonas aeurginosa
    -haemophilus influenzae
  • bordetella pertussis
  • brucella abortus
  • legionella penumophila
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15
Q

what type of microbe is enterobacteriaceae

A

facultative anaerobes

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16
Q

what are the strictly anaerobic gram negative rods

A

bacteroids gragilis

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17
Q

where is bacteriodes fragilis found

A

-most common organism in the intestine
- gingival pockets

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18
Q

example of acid fast bacteria

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis
- M. leprae

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19
Q

what are examples of spriochetes

A

-treponema pallidum (syphilis)
- leptospira spp (hemorrhagic fever)
- borrelia recurrentis ( relapsing fever)
- borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)

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20
Q

what are the strictly intracellular bacteria

A
  • chlamydia trachomatis
  • chlamydia pneumoniae
  • rickettsiae (rocky mountain spotted fever)
  • ehrlichia (arthropod borne)
  • coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
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21
Q

what is the most common STD

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of staphylococcus

A

-gram positive cocci
- catalase positive

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23
Q

what type of microbe is staphylococcus aureus and what does that mean about O2

A

facultative anaerobe
- O2 can be used

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24
Q

what does a catalase do

A

reduced the potential of phagocytes to kill

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25
Q

what does a coagulase do

A

binds prothrombin: fibrinogen is cleaved -> anti-phagocytic fibrin coating

26
Q

the tissue invasive potential of staphylococcal infections is directly proportional to ______

A

coagulase proudction

27
Q

what does clumping factor do

A

fibrinogen binding protein: cell surface proteins that bind to foreign materials and ECM

28
Q

what does protein A do

A

anti-phagocytic
- competes with neutrophils for Fc protion of opsonizing IgGs

29
Q

what does leukocidin do

A

secretion: inhibits phagocytosis by granulocytes by forming pres in phagosomal membranes and kills phagocytes

30
Q

what does staphylokinase do

A

converts plasminogen to plasmin, increasing invasion by digesting fibrin clots and cleaves C3b and IgG to inhibit phagocytosis

31
Q

what does beta lactamase do

A

enzymatic digestion of penicillins

32
Q

what do alpha hemolysins do

A

pores are hemolytic, leukocytic, destroy skin, cause smooth muscle paralysis

33
Q

what do beta hemolysins do

A
  • beta hemolysins are cytolytic sphingomyelinases that destroy nerves
34
Q

what do gamma hemolysins do

A

lyse related leukocicin on neutrophil lysosomal membranes

35
Q

does staph aureua do hemolysis

A

yes beta

36
Q

does staph epidermidis do hemolysis

A

no

37
Q

what microbe causes impetigo

A

S. aureus

38
Q

what is empyema

A

collection of pus in a naturally existing anatomical cavity

39
Q

what are pyogenic infections and wjat is it caused by

A

pus forming
- massive amounts of neutrophils and other leukocytes are lysed by bacterial factors and release their lysosomal contents in attempting phagocytic killing of the staphylococci

40
Q

how does bacteremia fever progress

A

folliculitis -> furuncles -> carbuncles
-> systemic bacteremia fever

41
Q

what do superantigens do

A

override the specificity of the T cell response

42
Q

what is the cause of gastrointestinal upset typical of food poisoning

A

enterotoxins

43
Q

what happens in toxic shock syndrome

A
  • TSST: mass activation of T cells leads to large production of inflammatory cytokines
44
Q

are enterotoxins heat stable

A

yes cooking doesnt help

45
Q

describe exfoliative toxin

A

heat stable, chromosomal

46
Q

describe exfoliative toxin B

A

heat labile, plasmis

47
Q

what is Toxic shock syndrome caused by

A

increased oxygenation of vagina by tampons and foreign surface adhesion caused massive growth

48
Q

what is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by and what is it

A

-exfoliative toxins A, B
- causes loss of layers of the skin

49
Q

when is nosocomial staphylococci of concern

A

surgery, implant and instrument risk

50
Q

what type of microbe is a nosocomial infection caused by

A

coagulase negative S epidermidis

51
Q

what microbe causes endocarditis

A
  • acute: 60% S aureus
  • if artificial heart vavles 80% S. epidermidis
52
Q

what microbe is involved in dental extraction risk

A

S epidermidis

53
Q

what is the most frequent cause of bacterial arthritis

A

S. aureus

54
Q

what is the epidemiology of staphylococcus aureus

A
  • skin + mucosa + aerosols
  • surface survival - nosocomal
  • high temperature and salt resistant
55
Q

how many beta lactamase (plasmid) are penicillin resistant

A

> 90%

56
Q

what causes methicillin resistance

A

penicillin binding protein 2a

57
Q

what percentage of hospital strains of staph aureus are MRSA

A

50%

58
Q

what percentage of community strains are MRSA

A

20%

59
Q

what are the coagulase negative staphylococci

A

S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus

60
Q

describe the coagulase negative staphylococci

A
  • thick cell wall, slime capsule: S. saprophyticus: urease secretion -> acute cystitis
  • opportunistic hospital pathogens

Microbiology (39 decks)

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