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Microbiology > Chapter 7 and 8- Humoral Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 7 and 8- Humoral Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the phases of the humoral immune response

A
  • antigen recognition
    -activation of B lymphocytes
    -proliferation
  • differentiation
  • outcome
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2
Q

what are the outcomes of the humoral immune response

A

-antibody secretion
- isotype switching
-affinity maturation
- memory B cell

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3
Q

describe T -dependent vs T-independent antibody responses

A

-T-dependent: isotype switched, high affinity antibodies, memory B cells and long lived plasma cells
- T-independent: mainly IgM, low-affinity antibodies, short lived plasma cells

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4
Q

describe the differences between the primary antibody response and the secondary antibody response in terms of lag after immunization, peak response, antibody isotype, and antibody affinity

A
  • lag after immunization: primary is 5-10 days, secondary is 1-3 days
  • peak response: primary is smaller, secondary is larger
  • antibody isotype: primary is usually IgM>IgG, secondary is relative increase in IgG and sometimes in IgA or IgE
  • antibody affinity: primary is lower average affinity and more variable, secondary is higher average affinity
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5
Q

what is receptor clustering

A

2 or more receptors bound to antigens

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6
Q

what are the transcription factors in antigen receptor mediated signal transduction in B lymphocytes

A

-Myc
- NFAT
-NK-kappaB
- AP-1

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7
Q

what does C3a do

A

inflammation

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8
Q

what does C3b do

A

opsonization and phagocytosis

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9
Q

what does C5a do

A

inflammation

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10
Q

what does C6-9 do

A

lysis of microbe

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11
Q

what is C3b cleaved into and what does it act on in B cell activation

A

cleaved into C3c and C3d and acts on CR2

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12
Q

what is complement receptor CR2 bound by

A

3Cd bound to microbe

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13
Q

what is TLR bound by

A

PAMP

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14
Q

what are the functional consequences of antigen receptor mediated B cell activation

A
  • increased survival and proliferation
  • interaction with helper T cells
  • responsiveness to cytokines
  • migration from follicle to T cell zone
  • antibody secretion
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15
Q

what are the sequence of events in helper T cell dependent antibody responses

A

T cell zone to B cell zone

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16
Q

describe the process of antigen presentation to B lymphocytes to helper T cells

A
  • B cell recognition of native protein antigen
  • receptor mediated endocytosis of antigen
  • antigen processing and presentation
  • T cell recognition of antigen
17
Q

what do activated T cells that recognize antigen presented on B cells use to activate the B cell

A

the CD40 ligand and cytokines

18
Q

describe the germinal center reaction

A

-activation of B cells and migration into germinal center
- B cell proliferation
- somatic mutation and affinity maturation; isotype switching
- exit of high affinity antibody secreting cells and memory B cells

19
Q

what is the function of IgM

A

complement activation

20
Q

what does IgG do

A

phagocyte responses, complement activation, neonatal immunity

21
Q

what induced IgE from the B cell and what is its function

A
  • IL-4
  • immunity against helminths
  • mast cell degranulation - immediate hypersensitivity
22
Q

what induces IgA and what is its function

A

-cytokines produced in mucosal tissues
- mucosal immunity

23
Q

describe switch recombination

A

previously formed VDJ exon recombines to become adjacent to a different constant region gene

24
Q

what is AID and what does it do

A

activation- induced deaminase
- alters nucleotides so they can be cleaved by other enzymes allowing S regions to be brought together

25
Q

what does repeated exposure to a protein antigen drive

A

creation of higher affinity antibodies

26
Q

what do FDCs do

A

present antigen via antibodies bound to Fc receptors or complement receptors instead of MHC molecules

27
Q

are antigens internalized by FDCs

A

no

28
Q

describe the selection of high affinity B cells in germinal centers

A
  • B cell activation by protein antigen and helper T cells
  • B cells with somatically mutated Ig V genes and Igs with varying affinities for antigen
  • B cells with high affinity membrane Ig bind antigen on FDCs and present antigen to helper T cell
  • B cells that recognize antigen on FDCs or interact with helper T cells are selected to survive, other B cells die
29
Q

describe the chemical nature of T dependent and T- independent antigen

A
  • T-dependent: proteins
  • T-independent: polymeric antigens, polysaccharides, glycolipids, and nucleic acids
30
Q

describe isotype switching, affinity maturation, plasma cells, and secondary response of T dependent and T-independent antigens

A

-isotype switching: T dependent-yes. T-independent: low level switching to IgG
- affinity maturation: T dependent- yes. T-independent: little or no
- plasma cells: T dependent- long lived. T-independent: short lived
- secondary response: T dependent: yes. T- independent- only seen with some polysaccharide antigens

31
Q

when is the humoral response terminaated

A

once sufficient quanitities of IgG are produced to result in this combination of binding on a B cell

32
Q

describe the mechanism of antibody feedback

A
  • secreted antibody forms complex with antigen
  • antigen-antibody complex binds to B cell Ig and Fc receptor
  • inhibition of B cell response
  • block in B cell receptor signaling
33
Q

what are the effector functions of antibodies

A
  • neutralization of microbes and toxins
  • opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
    -antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • lysis of microbes
  • phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments
  • inflammation
  • complement activation
34
Q

describe the process of antibody mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of micorbes

A
  • opsonization of microbe by IgG
  • binding of opsonized microbes to phagocyte Fc receptors
  • Fc receptor signals activate phagocyte
  • phagocytosis of microbe
  • killing of ingested microbe
35
Q

what immune response is the complement system a part of? the classical pathway?

A

complement: innate immune response
classical: adaptive immune response

36
Q

what does the complement pathway start with

A

recognition of antigen engaged antibodies by complement C1 protein

37
Q

what are the functions of complement

A
  • phagocytosis and killing of microbe
  • osmotic lysis of microbe
  • destruction of microbes by leukocytes
38
Q

what are examples of T- dependent cells? T-independent

A

T-dependent: follicular B cells
T- independent: B-1 cells, marginal zone B cells

Microbiology (39 decks)

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