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Microbiology > Chapter 43- Viral hepatitis > Flashcards

Chapter 43- Viral hepatitis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is hepatitis

A

a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the liver

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2
Q

what causes jaundice in hepatitis

A

hepatocyte death releases bilirubin

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3
Q

what is bilirubin

A

a biproduct of heme metabolism in the liver

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4
Q

what are the causes of hepatitis

A

-viral: hepatitis viruses A-E, herpes viruses (HSV,EBV,CMV), adenovirus, yellow fever virus
- alcohol
- toxins

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5
Q

where do hepatitis viruses replicate and why

A

in the hepatocyte because they have a strong tropism for the liver

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6
Q

85% of liver cells are _____

A

hepatocytes

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7
Q

what is infectious hepatitis also known as, what, letters is it, and what causes it

A
  • “hit and run”
  • A and E
  • fecal- oral
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8
Q

what is serum hepatitis also known as, what letters is it and what causes it

A
  • “hide and infiltrate”
  • B, C and D
  • blood and sexual fluid
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9
Q

what is the nucleic acid composition and virus family of Hepatitis A

A
  • linear and ssRNA
  • picornaviridae
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10
Q

describe hepatitis A and what causes it

A
  • infectious hepatitis
  • HAV: isocahedral, naked capsid virus, positive strand linear RNA
  • spread by fecal- oral contamination of food, drink or shellfish
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11
Q

what is HAV shed into and what does it directly kill

A
  • shed into bile ducts and into intestine and passes out of the body in the feces
  • HAV directly kills hepatocytes
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12
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of hepatitis A

A
  • mild intestinal infection
  • viremia occurs occasionally, leading to liver infection and jaundice
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13
Q

what is the treatment, prevention and control of hepatitis A

A
  • killed HAV vaccine
  • post exposure immune globulin
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14
Q

which adults are more likely to display symptoms of hepatitis A

A

adults from nonendemic regions

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15
Q

how big is the genome of hepatitis B

A
  • smallest genome
  • 3200 nucleotides
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16
Q

what is the nucleic acid composition and virus family of Hepatitis B

A
  • nicked circular
  • mostly dsDNA
  • hepadnaviridae
  • enveloped
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17
Q

what are the 3 distinct particles of hepatitis B

A
  • 22nm particle
  • variable tubular/ filamentous particle (22nm diameter)
  • 42nm Dane particle (infective form of virus)
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17
Q

what is the main component of the envelope in hepatitis B and where is it located

A
  • embedded in lipid bilayer
  • HBsAg-S is main component
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18
Q

HBeAg is processed form of the core:

A

HBcAg

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19
Q

what is HBeAg mostly secreted from and where is it found

A

infected cells and found in the blood stream

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20
Q

what is a useful marker for HBV infection

A

HBeAg

21
Q

filaments are enriched for ______

A

HBsAg-L

22
Q

describe both types of 22nm particles

A

-empty envelopes
- spherical
- up to 10^13 particles per mL

23
Q

When does RT occur in hepatitis B

A

during viral assembly

24
Q

what is reverse transcription done by in hepatitis B

A

viral reverse transcriptase

25
Q

what is transcription done by in hepatitis B

A

host RNA polymerase

26
Q

how is priming of reverse transcription done

A

by TP (terminal protein domain) of viral polymerase by adding first nucleotide to a tyrosine residue of TP

27
Q

what determines the course of HBV infection

A

CMI

28
Q

what do CTLs kill in HBV infection

A

infected hepatocytes

29
Q

what are the ouctomes of acute HBV infection

A
  • 90% resolution
  • 9% HBsAg+ for greater than 6 months
  • 1% fulminant hepatitis
  • HBsAg+ causes resolution or chronic active hepatitis
  • chronic active hepatitis causes cirrhosis or hepatic cell carcinoma
30
Q

what percentage of infants infected with HBV become chronically infected and why

A

90% because of immature cell mediated immune response

31
Q

what causes hepatocellular carcinoma

A
  • increased cell division due to regeneration increases chances of mutation
    -peroxides and free radicals from CTL killing
32
Q

how does HBV kill hepaocytes

A

-indirectly
- CTLs directed against MHC class I proteins bound to viral antigens on hepatocyte surface
- cytokine release promotes inflammation and tissue damage

33
Q

what would you be positive for if prior vaccination for hepatitis B

A
  • Anti HBs
34
Q

what would you be positive for if prior acute infection, resolved

A

-Anti HBe
- Anti- HBc
- Anti HBs

35
Q

what would you be positive for if acute or chronic hepatitis B infection

A
  • HBeAg
  • Anti HBc
  • HbsAg
36
Q

what would you be positive for if you had later stage in chronic infection of hepatitis B

A
  • HbsAg
  • Anti- HBc
  • Anti- Hbe
37
Q

what is the treatment, prevention and control for hepatitis B

A
  • vaccination recommended for all infants in USA
  • HBsAg particles produced in yeast
  • passive immunotherapy within 7 days of exposure
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitors
38
Q

what is the nucleic acid composition and virus family of hepatitis D

A
  • circular ssRNA
  • deltaviridae
39
Q

what does hepatitis D virus depend on to replicate

A

HBV virus

40
Q

what is a chronic HBV infection exacerbated by

A

infection with hepatitis delta virus

41
Q

what is the nucleic acid composition and virus family of hepatitis C

A
  • linear and ssRNA
  • flaviviridae
41
Q

what is a chronic HBV infection exacerbated by

A

infection with hepatitis delta virus

41
Q

describe hepatitis C and how it is transferred to others

A
  • enveloped
  • blood and sexual fluid, mother to fetus, fecal- oral route, and organ transplants
41
Q

how does HCV kill hepatocytes

A

-indirectly
- CTLs directed against MHC class I proteins bound to viral antigens on hepatocyte surface
- cytokine release promotes inflammation and tissue damage

42
Q

what are the outcomes of hepatitis C virus acute infections

A
  • 15% recovery and clearance
  • 15% cirrhosis rapid onset
  • 70% persistent infection
43
Q

what are the outcomes of chronic hepatitis

A
  • 20% cirrhosis
  • 6% liver failure
  • 4% hepatocellular carcinoma
44
Q

what is mixed cryoglobulinemia

A

-immune complex disease of kidney and other sites
- disease outside of liver
- inflammation and blockage of small and medium blood vessels caused by cryoglobulin deposition

44
Q

what is the nucleic acid composition and virus family of hepatitis E

A
  • linear and ssRNA
  • calciviridae
44
Q

describe hepatitis E and how its spread

A
  • not budding, released as naked capsid virus
  • spread in contaminated food and drink, human to human and animal to human (common source = pigs)

Microbiology (39 decks)

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