Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Chapter 41-42 Herpes Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 41-42 Herpes Viruses Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the genome for herpes virus

A

double stranded DNA
- enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how big is the genome for herpes virus

A

125,000-236,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

herpesviridae family members share four significant biological properties:

A
  • encode a large array of enzymes
  • synthesis of viral DNAs and capsid assembly occur in the nucleus, while final processing of virions occurs in the cytoplasm
  • production of virus results in destruction of the infected cell
  • able to exist in a latent state in their natural hosts while retaining the capacity to replicate and cause disease upon reactivation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are herpes enzymes involved in

A
  • nucleic acid metabolism: thymidine kinase
  • DNA synthesis- DNA polymerase
  • protein processing- protein kinase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the alpha herpes viruses and what do they cause

A
  • HHV-1: fever blisters
  • HHV-2: sexually transmitted genital lesions
  • HHV-3: chicken pox and shingles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the beta viruses and what do they cause

A

HHV-5
- HHV-6: roseola
- HHV-7: roseola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the gamma herpesviruses and what do they cause

A
  • HHV-4: infectious mononucleosis
  • HHV-8
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the means of transmission and the portal of entry for HSV-1

A

-direct contact
- mucous membranes, skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the means of transmission and the portal of entry for HSV-2

A
  • direct contact
  • mucous membranes, skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the means of transmission and the portal of entry for VZV

A

-inhalation, direct contact
- respiratory tract, mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the means of transmission and the portal of entry for CMV

A

-saliva, blood
- bloodstream, mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the means of transmission and the portal of entry for EBV

A
  • saliva, blood
  • mucous membranes, bloodstream
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

herpes viruses are ____

A

fragile, susceptible to heat, detergent, drying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most humans become infected with _____

A

one or more herpesviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

herpes viruses generally require______

A

direct inoculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which is more suscpetible to herpes virus: mucous membranes or skin

A

mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how are CMV and EBV transmitted

A

through infected leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

VZV is mostly transmitted by______

A

aerosols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the herpesvirus lytic cycle

A

-cascade of gene expression
- attach to and infect adjacent cells upon release
- budding directly onto and into adjacent cells
- therefore get a local spread of virus
- syncytia form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

virus replicates and assembles in the _____

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe how virus replicates and assembles in the cell nucleus

A
  • get changes in nuclear structure- chromatin shifted to margins of nucleus
  • cowdry type A acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stained cells infected with a herpes virus show:

A

syncytia formation and intranuclear inclusion bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anti-herpes virus antibodies play a minor role in_____

A

recovery from primary disease and recurrent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do cell mediated immune mechanisms play a major role in recovery

A

-MHC class I and II proeins displaying viral antigens on surface of infected cell
- activate T lymphocytes and directly kill infected cell or secrete cytokines and chemokines to attract macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what herpes virus affects neonates

A

HSVs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what herpes virus affects elderly

A

VZV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV evade immune responses

A

-envelope glycoproteins bind Fc domain of antibodies and complement components, blocking their ability to promote an antiviral response
-reduce type I interferon production and its downstream signaling pathway
- prevent MHC class I and II proteins from being expressed on the surface of infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does latency of HSV result in

A

no expression of viral proteins and therefore no peptides for MHC proteins to display

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is acute herpes simplex disease

A
  • facial or genital herpes, stomatitis or keratitis
  • localized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe the acute disease portion of herpes simplex infections

A
  • exposure of skin, mucosa, or cornea to secretions containing virus
  • replication of virus in epithelial cells, causing vescular mucocutaneous lesions, stomatitis or keratitis
  • spread to peripheral sensory or autonomic nerve endings and ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

when is HSV-1 acquired and how

A

very early in life- kissing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how many adults are Ab+ for HSV-1

A

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when is HSV-2 acquired

A

mostly by genital contact
- uncommon before adolescnece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how many adults are Ab+ for HSV-2

A

1/5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

most HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections are _____

A

asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how many infections have recognizable symptoms

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the steps of a herpes simplex virus infection

A
  • acute disease
  • recovery
  • latency
  • recurrent disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happens in recovery in herpes infections

A

healing of lesions and establishment of latent infections in neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what happens in latency in herpes infections

A

maintenance of latent infections in neurons

40
Q

what is the presentation of recurrent disease in herpes infections

A

cold sores, fever blisters, keratitis, or genital lesions, localized

41
Q

describe recurrent herpes disease

A

reactivation of latent virus and distal spread
- recurrent lesions caused by virus replication in epithelial cells

42
Q

reactivation of various herpes viruses can be induced by:

A
  • local trauma
  • mental tension
  • fatigue
  • menstruation
  • exposure to bright light
  • aging effects
43
Q

what is the virus type, frequency, age group, usual outcome and recurrence of ocular herpes

A
  • type 1
  • common
    -all
  • resolution, visual impairment
  • recurrent
44
Q

what is the virus type, frquency, age, usual outcome and recurrence of oral herpes

A

-1>2
- very common
- all
- resolution
- recurrent

45
Q

what is the virus type, frequency, age, usual outcome and recurrence of genital herpes

A

-2>1
- common
-adolescents, adults
-resolution
-yes

46
Q

what can herpes keratitis lead to

A

scarring and blindess

47
Q

what is the most common viral infection of the mouth

A

herpes stomatitis

48
Q

what is the primary infection of herpes stomatitis due to

A

HSV-1 or HSV-2

49
Q

where are herpes stomatitis vesicles found

A

oral mucosa, tongue, and gingivae

50
Q

what is herpes stomatitis confused with

A

ANUG

51
Q

what is herpes labialis and what infection is it

A
  • cold sore
  • reactivation of latenet HSV-1 or HSV-2
52
Q

what infection is herpetic dermatitis and herpetic whitlow

A

HSV-1 or HSV-2

53
Q

what percentage of adults have VZV antibody

A

90%

54
Q

where does VZV replicate

A

respriatory tract

55
Q

how does the VZV virus progress

A

to phagocytic cells via the bloodstream and lymphatic system

56
Q

describe the spread of secondary VZV viremia

A
  • spreads the virus throughout the body including the skin
  • occurs 11-13 days post infection
  • skin lesions appear over the entire body
  • systemic spread is different from herpes simplex virus
57
Q

VZV virus spreads cell to cell like _____. except _____

A

HSVs; epithelial cells of lung keratinocytes and skin lesions which can release virus

58
Q

which replication is faster VZV or HSV

A

HSV

59
Q

what neurons are infected by VZVs

A

dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve ganglia

60
Q

describe VZV reactivation in older adults with impaired CMI

A
  • virus release along the entire neural pathway to infect the skin
  • causes a vesicular rash along the entire dermatome - herpes zoster or shingles
  • postherpetic neuralgia in 30% of older patients
  • pain for months to years after
61
Q

what is a dermatome

A

an area of skin innervated by fibers from a single dorsal root spinal nerve

62
Q

what promotes recovery from primary disease

A

host defenses

63
Q

what plays a minor role in recovery from primary disease and on recurrent disease in VSZ infections

A

anti-VZV

64
Q

what plays a major role in preventing primary disease

A

VZV vaccine thorugh anti VZV antibodies

65
Q

what do anti VZV antibodies limit

A

viremic spread of virus

66
Q

what play a major role in recovery for HSVs

A

cell mediated immunity

67
Q

what is the childhood illness of VZV

A

chicken pox

68
Q

what does primary infection of VZV cause in 30% of adults

A

interstitial pneumonia

69
Q

what does the epstein barr virus infect

A

B lymphocytes and epithelial cells

70
Q

what does cytomegalovirus infect

A

a wide variety of cells

71
Q

how do EBV and CMV replicated within host cells

A

similar to herpes virus

72
Q

what is the CMV infection

A

persistent/chronic infection

73
Q

what is the EBV latent infection

A
  • latent infection in memory B cells
  • virus proteins produced during latency promote B cell proliferation
74
Q

what percentage of adults have CMV and EBV infections

A

95% in the world
50-60% in the US
- usually asymptomatic when acquired early

75
Q

how is EBV acquired

A

similarly to CMV except breast milk is not a route of virus spread

76
Q

what are sympomatic EBV infections acquired after childhood

A

infectious mononucleosis

77
Q

what is the most common viral infection of the fetus in humans

A

congenital CMV

78
Q

what does congenital CMV lead to

A

severe disease and permanent neurological damage including hearing loos and learning disabilities

79
Q

what cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases are persistent CMV and EBV infections associated with

A
  • Hodgkin disease
  • african burkitt lymphoma
  • nasopharyngeal carcinoma
80
Q

how are CMV infections diagnosed histologically

A

large inclusions in tissue specimens- “owl eye” inclusions

81
Q

how are EBV infections diagnosed histologically

A

-PCR
- heterophile antibody or monospot test
- EBV infections induce production of large number of antibodies that recognize RBC antigens of other species

82
Q

what is a monospot test

A

agglutination of horse RBCs by heterophile antibody in patients serum

83
Q

what are the associated syndromes of cytomegalovirus

A

congenital infection and mononucleosis

84
Q

what is the associated syndrome of epstein barr virus

A

mononucleosis

85
Q

what is the associated syndrome of herpesvirus type 6

A

roseola

86
Q

what is the associated syndrome of herpesvirus type 7

A

roseola

87
Q

what is the associated syndroms of kapsi’s sarcoma associated virus HHV8

A

kaposi’s sarcoma

88
Q

what is the oral manifestation of chickenpox (VZV)

A

lesions may be found in mouth before skin rash develops

89
Q

describe the oral manifestations of shingles (VZV reactivation)

A
  • trigeminal nerve affected in 15% of cases
  • opthalamic > maxillary > mandibular divisions involved
  • oral pain precedes rash and mimics tooth pain
90
Q

what are the most common oral sites affected in shingles

A

-anterior half of tongue
- soft palate
- cheek

91
Q

what are the oral manifestations of epstein barr virus

A

-painful sore throat at onset of infection
- rash may be present at junction of hard and soft palate - fine petechial hemorrhages
- white psuedomembrane may develop on tonsils and other parts of oral mucosa

92
Q

what are the oral manifestations of HHV8

A

kaposi’s sarcoma lesions - endothelial tumor

93
Q

what herpes viruses are present in majority of advanced periodontal lesions

A
  • EBV and CMV
94
Q

what are the possible roles of herpesvirus in periodontal disease

A
  • viruses may cause direct cytopathic effects
    -gingival viruses may promote bacterial attachment/ colonization
  • CMV and EBV can infect monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes in lesions and impair cell function
  • viruses induce a proinflammatory response that can result in tissue destruction
  • viruses can suppress host defenses locally and systemically
95
Q

what can anti herpes virus antibodies prevent

A

primary disease

95
Q

describe host response to alpha herpes virus infections

A
  • cell mediated immune mechanisms play the major role in recovery
  • cell mediated immune response varies with age
95
Q
A

Microbiology (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions