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Medical Terminology BSMSA > Principle Systems Pt. 2 (Digestive, Cardio, Respira, Skeletal, Musculo) > Flashcards

Principle Systems Pt. 2 (Digestive, Cardio, Respira, Skeletal, Musculo) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into the mouth

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2
Q

Digestion

A

The passing of food along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Digested food passed from the GI tract to the body’s cells

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4
Q

Defaecation

A

Elimination of waste- faeces

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5
Q

Other name for the Gastrointestinal Tract?

A

Alimentary canal

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6
Q

Enterons

A

Intestines

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7
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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8
Q

Function of saliva

A

Moistens and dissolves substances and helps with the digestive process through the action of enzymes.

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9
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

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10
Q

Small chunk of food ready to swallow

A

Bolus

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11
Q

Epiglottis

A

Seals off the larynx to avoid choking when swallowing food/ saliva

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12
Q

Deglutition

A

Passing of food into the oesophagus

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary muscle movements to pass food down to the stomach

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14
Q

Hiatus sphincter

A

Hole through which food enters the stomach- closes to prevent the return of food and acids

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15
Q

Diaphragm

A

Primary muscle of respiration

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16
Q

Gastric juice

A

Increases the movement of the GI tract, relaxes the pyloric sphincter

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17
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Separates the stomach from the duodenum

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18
Q

Chyme

A

The thin liquid that muscles turn food into within the stomach

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19
Q

How long does it take food to pass through the entire GI tract?

A

24 hours

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20
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Chemical secreted in the stomach which becomes pepsin when combined with stomach acid

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21
Q

Stomach acid (HCl)

A

Hydrochloric acid

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22
Q

Pepsin

A

Breaks down proteins from food

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23
Q

Amylase

A

Cuts down carbohydrates into simple sugars

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24
Q

Bile

A

Produced in the liver and breaks down fats in the small intestine

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25
Q

What is the liver’s function in digestion?

A

Uses hormones to break glycogen down into glucose

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26
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest part of the small intestine, between stomach and jejunum

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27
Q

Jejunum

A

Part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum

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28
Q

Ileum

A

Final part of the small intestine

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29
Q

Ileocaecal sphincter

A

Joins the ileum (small intestine) to the beginning of the large intestine

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30
Q

Caecum

A

First part of the large intestine after the ileocaecal sphincter

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31
Q

Appendix

A

A dead end tube in the large intestine which aids immunity

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32
Q

Colon

A

Merges with the end of the caecum, reabsorbs fluid and processes waste from the body. Begins preparations for its elimination from the body

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33
Q

3 parts of the colon

A

Ascending, transverse, descending

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34
Q

Sigmoid colon

A

The final part of the large intestine before the rectum and anus. It forms a loop

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35
Q

Anal canal

A

The last 0.39 cms of the rectum, which opens out of the body

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36
Q

Anus

A

Exterior opening to the body

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37
Q

What is faeces made up of

A

Dead epithelial cells, bacteria, undigested parts of food and water.

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38
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Meets with the ducts from the liver and gallbladder to form the common bile duct

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39
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

The enzymes produced by the pancreas

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40
Q

Bilirubin

A

Principal pigment of bile (made by the liver). Produced along with iron when RBCs are broken down

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41
Q

Urobilinogen

A

Gives faeces its normal colour

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42
Q

Jaundice

A

When the liver cannot remove bilirubin from the blood, causing it to collect excessively in other tissues and resulting in a yellow skinned and eyed appearance

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43
Q

Atresia

A

Without a natural opening

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44
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Reduction of stomach capacity for treatment of obesity

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45
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation in the lining of the colon

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46
Q

Constipation

A

Infrequent defaecation of solid faeces

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47
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Chronic inflammatory disease involves the large and small intestines

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48
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Sac-like pouches on the wall of the colon

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49
Q

DU

A

Duodenal ulcer

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50
Q

GORD

A

Gastro-oesophagal reflux disease

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51
Q

Peptic ulcers

A

Crater-like lesions on the wall of the stomach

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52
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary muscle movements

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53
Q

Haemorrhoids (piles)

A

Varicosities of the veins on the wall of the rectum

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54
Q

1st Degree Haemorrhoids

A

Contained within the anus

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55
Q

2nd Degree Haemorrhoids

A

Enlarged and prolapsed outward on defaecation

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56
Q

3rd Degree Haemorrhoids

A

Prolapsed through the anal orifice

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57
Q

LIH

A

Left inguinal hernia

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58
Q

RIH

A

Right Inguinal Hernia

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59
Q

Hernia plural

A

Herniae

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60
Q

IBS symptoms

A

Cramps in the bowel, alternating diarrhoea and constipation, flatulence, nausea, loss of appetite

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61
Q

Flatulence

A

Excessive gas in the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal

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62
Q

Epicardium

A

External heart muscle

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63
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle layer

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64
Q

Endocardium

A

Internal heart muscle

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65
Q

Upper chambers of the heart

A

Left atrium and right atrium (plural atria)

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66
Q

Lower chambers of the heart

A

Left ventricle and right ventricle

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67
Q

Aorta

A

Main artery from the heart

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68
Q

Aneurysm

A

Weakened section of artery wall or vein causing outward bulge

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69
Q

Angioplasty

A

Surgical repair of an artery

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70
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Abnormal heart rhythm

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71
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening or hardening of the walls of the arteries

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72
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fat (i.e. Cholesterol) causing plaque on the artery walls

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73
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Uncoordinated contraction of the atrial muscle

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74
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Rapid contractions of the atrial muscle

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75
Q

AV (atroventricular) node

A

Responsible for electrical stimulation along with SA node

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76
Q

Bundle of His

A

Electrical conducting tissue

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77
Q

CABG

A

Coronary artery bypass graft

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78
Q

CAD

A

Coronary artery disease

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79
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of the heart muscles

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80
Q

Cardiorrhaphy

A

Suturing of the heart

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81
Q

CHD

A

Coronary heart disease

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82
Q

CHF

A

Congestive heart failure

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83
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Enlargement of the right ventricle

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84
Q

Coronary

A

Pertaining to encircling the heart

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85
Q

Diastole

A

Period when the ventricles are filling and resting

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86
Q

DVT

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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87
Q

Dysrrhythmia

A

Abnormal irregular rhythm

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88
Q

Heart block

A

The AV node is blocked

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89
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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90
Q

Pancarditis

A

Inflammation of the whole heart

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91
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blood clot dislodges from vein into blood flow

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92
Q

SA (Sinoatrial Node)

A

Responsible for electrical stimulation with the AV node

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93
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Used for measuring blood pressure

94
Q

Systole

A

Heart muscles contract

95
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Haphazard ventricular muscle contraction

96
Q

5 main risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

High blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidaemia and /or hypercholesterolaemia

97
Q

Hyperlipidaemia

A

Too many lipids (fats) in the blood, e.g. cholesterol and triglycerides.

98
Q

Hypercholesterolaemia

A

Too much LDL (bad) cholesterol in your blood

99
Q

Inspiration

A

Breathing in

100
Q

Expiration

A

Breathing out

101
Q

Pleural membrane

A

Protective layer of membrane over the lungs in a double layer

102
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Outer layer of the pleural membrane

103
Q

Visceral layer

A

The inner layer of the pleural membrane

104
Q

Pleural cavity

A

The gap between the two layers of pleural membrane

105
Q

Alveoli

A

Lung air sacs

106
Q

Asthma

A

Characterised by wheezing and difficulty breathing

107
Q

Atelectasis

A

Failure of the lungs to expand

108
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Over-dilation of the bronchioles due to fibrous tissue

109
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small tubes between the bronchus and alveoli

110
Q

Cheyne-Stokes

A

Apnoea and hyperventilation periods causing kidney failure

111
Q

Coryza

A

The common cold

112
Q

Crepitations

A

Grating sound in the lungs heard on auscultation

113
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to sounds made by the heart, lungs or other organs through a stethoscope

114
Q

Emphysema

A

Long term irritation of the alveoli

115
Q

Exacerbations

A

Refer to an acute increase in the severity of symptoms

116
Q

Hypoxia

A

Insufficient oxygen in the blood

117
Q

Intubation

A

Tube inserted into the air passages to allow air into the lungs

118
Q

LRTI

A

Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

119
Q

Orthopnoea

A

Difficulty breathing while lying down

120
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary Embolism- a blood clot in the pulmonary vessels

121
Q

PEFR

A

Peak expiration flow rate

122
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection or inflammation of the alveoli

123
Q

Productive

A

i. e. productive cough is mucus-producing

124
Q

Rales

A

Abnormal rattling sounds heard in the lungs or bronchi

125
Q

Respiratory failure

A

Respiratory system cannot exchange all gases- imbalance occurs

126
Q

Rhonchi

A

Wheezing sounds

127
Q

Sputum

A

For example a material expelled from the respiratory passages

128
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Infection of the lung or other organs caused by bacteria

129
Q

URTI

A

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

130
Q

Pulmonary hypertension

A

Raised blood pressure within the pulmonary arteries

131
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells

132
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation

133
Q

What are the two main parts of the skeleton

A

Axial, appendicular

134
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

Skull, spine, ribcage

135
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone

136
Q

Bottom of sternum

A

Xiphisternum

137
Q

Lamina

A

Part of a vertebra

138
Q

Vertebra

A

Spondyl

139
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone

140
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade

141
Q

Humerus

A

Upper arm

142
Q

Ulna and radius

A

Lower arm

143
Q

Carpals

A

For example, wrist bones

144
Q

Metacarpals

A

Palm of the hand

145
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers

146
Q

Dactyl

A

Digits

147
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

148
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pelvic girdle (innomate/ hip)?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

149
Q

Which is the bone socket into which the femur fits?

A

Acetabulum

150
Q

Patella

A

Knee cap

151
Q

The lower leg bones

A

Tibia and fibular

152
Q

Ankle bones

A

Tarsal

153
Q

Metatarsals

A

Bones of the foot

154
Q

Big toe

A

Hallux

155
Q

Cheir/o

A

Hand

156
Q

Pod/o

A

Foot

157
Q

Onych/o

A

Nail

158
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated curve of the thoracic vertebrae (hunchback)

159
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated curve of the lumbar vertebrae (bent forward)

160
Q

Scoliosis

A

A lateral bending of the vertebral column (sideways)

161
Q

Fracture

A

A break in any bone

162
Q

Partial fracture

A

Incomplete break

163
Q

Complete fracture

A

A complete break

164
Q

Simple fracture

A

A break where the bone does not protrude through the skin

165
Q

Compound fracture

A

A break where the broken ends of the bone protrude

166
Q

Aggravating

A

Making worse

167
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

Fixation of vertebrae and fibrous tissue causes loss of movement

168
Q

Ankyl/o

A

Fusion/adhesion/ bent

169
Q

Arthrosynovitis

A

Inflammation of the synovial joint

170
Q

Chondrosseous

A

Pertaining to bone and cartilage

171
Q

Compression

A

Pressing

172
Q

Costal

A

Pertaining to the ribs

173
Q

Laminectomy

A

Surgical removal of an intervertebral disc

174
Q

Effusion

A

Fluid discharge into an enclosed space

175
Q

Erosion

A

Destruction

176
Q

Exostosis

A

An overgrowth of bone

177
Q

Interphalangeal

A

Between fingers and toes

178
Q

Luxation

A

Complete dislocation of a joint

179
Q

Meniscus

A

Cartilage that cushions bones at the joints

180
Q

Olecranon

A

Elbow

181
Q

Orthopaedics

A

The correction of deformities of bones or muscles

182
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the bone marrow

183
Q

Osteophyte

A

Bony outgrowth at joint surface

184
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

Irregular thickening and softening of the bones

185
Q

Spina bifida

A

Spinous process does not unite in foetal development

186
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Slipped disc

187
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degenerative disease of the spine- crumbling occurs

188
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fluid secreted by membrane that lines the synovial joint

189
Q

Tibiofemoral

A

Pertaining to the femur and tibia

190
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Voluntary and striated (can be controlled)
Unvoluntary and striated (cannot be controlled)
Cardiac/ myogenic (exclusive to the heart)

191
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints

192
Q

Electromyography

A

Recording and study of electrical changes occurring in muscle tissue

193
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

Characterised by pain, tenderness and stiffness of muscles, tendons and the surrounding tissue

194
Q

Fibrosis

A

Formation of fibrous connective tissue where it would not normally exist

195
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Hereditary muscle destroying disease

196
Q

Myalgia

A

Painful muscles

197
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Disease causing abnormal pain and weakness in voluntary muscles

198
Q

Myoma

A

Tumour composed of muscle

199
Q

Rheumatism

A

Painful state of the supporting structures of the body, joints, tendons or muscles

200
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune Disease in which the antibodies attack the joint tissues

201
Q

Chorea

A

Involuntary contraction of muscles causes writhing movements - St Vitus’ Dance

202
Q

Fasciculation

A

An involuntary, brief twitch of muscle that is visible under the skin

203
Q

Fibrillation

A

Similar to a fasciculation, but not visible under the skin

204
Q

Spasm

A

Sudden involuntary contraction of a large group of muscles

205
Q

Tic

A

Spasmodic twitching made involuntarily, by muscles under control

206
Q

Tremoris

A

Rhythmic, involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups

207
Q

Aponeur/o

A

Flat tendon

208
Q

Atrophy

A

Without movement

209
Q

Contractures

A

Shortening/ contraction of muscle

210
Q

DTR

A

Deep tendon reflex

211
Q

Hyperkinesia

A

Above normal movement

212
Q

im

A

Intramuscular- pertains to injection

213
Q

Kine/ kinet

A

Motion

214
Q

Lei/o

A

Smooth muscle

215
Q

Musculophrenic

A

Pertaining to the diaphragm muscle

216
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle

217
Q

Myodystrophy

A

Poor muscle growth

218
Q

Myofibrosis

A

Abnormal muscle fibres

219
Q

Myokymia

A

Involuntary muscle twitching

220
Q

Myometrium

A

Muscle of the uterus

221
Q

Myospasm

A

Muscle spasm

222
Q

Orthosis

A

Appliance used to correct deformity

223
Q

Orthotics

A

Knowledge to use orthoses (appliances)

224
Q

Phren/o

A

Diaphragm

225
Q

Pseudohypertrophy

A

False overgrowth of muscles (enlarged by disease)

226
Q

Rhabd/o

A

Rod/ rod shaped

227
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Breakdown of striated muscle

228
Q

Tend/o

Tendin

A

Tendon

229
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of tendon

230
Q

TJ

A

Triceps jerk

Medical Terminology BSMSA (45 decks)

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