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Medical Terminology BSMSA > Additional Terms Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Additional Terms Pt. 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Papillae

A

Taste buds

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2
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Taste buds at the back of the tongue, arranged in a v-shape

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3
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Taste buds on the main part of the tongue, giving the tongue its velvety appearance

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4
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped papillae on the tip of the tongue

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5
Q

Sial/o

A

Salivary glands

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6
Q

Odont/o

A

Teeth

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7
Q

Orthodontics

A

Pertaining to the correction of dentition (teeth)

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8
Q

Buccal cavity

A

Mouth

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9
Q

Caries

A

Dental disease

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10
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

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11
Q

Malocclusion

A

Badly aligned teeth when closing mouth

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12
Q

Plaque

A

Tartar on the teeth causing caries

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13
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth

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14
Q

Detoxification

A

When the liver breaks down drugs and poisons, ready for excretion by the kidneys

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15
Q

Desaturation

A

The liver breaks down fatty acids

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16
Q

Acholia

A

Absence of bile

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17
Q

Cholangi/o

A

Bile/ biliary vessels

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18
Q

Choledoch/o

A

Common bile duct(CBD)

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19
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Stones in the common bile duct

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20
Q

Duoden/o

A

Duodenum

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21
Q

Hepatoma

A

Malignant tumour of the liver

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22
Q

Gonads

A

Sex organs

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23
Q

Gest/ gravida

A

Pregnancy

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24
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilised egg stage of pregnancy

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25
Q

Embryo

A

The first eight weeks of pregnancy

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26
Q

Foetus

A

After eight weeks of pregnancy the organs are developing

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27
Q

Gestation

A

Duration of pregnancy

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28
Q

Blastocyst

A

Immature cell

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29
Q

What are the three parts a blastocyst splits into?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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30
Q

Ectoderm

A

Forms the skin and nails, brain and nervous system

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31
Q

Mesoderm

A

Forms the muscles, blood, tissues and urinary system

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32
Q

Endoderm

A

Forms the linings and the glands

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33
Q

Chorion

A

Chorionic membrane, the outermost layer of the blastocyst

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34
Q

Placenta

A

Passes the required nutrients to the foetus and removes toxins

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35
Q

Amnion

A

The amniotic sac and fluid

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36
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Links the foetus to the placenta

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37
Q

What parts is the pregnancy split into?

A

First, second, third trimester (three months each)

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38
Q

Tocia

A

Labour

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39
Q

Dystocia

A

Slow / difficult labour

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40
Q

Parturition

A

Giving birth

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41
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Scanty amniotic fluid

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42
Q

SCBU

A

Special Care Baby Unit

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43
Q

SIDS

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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44
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Rare condition where babies cannot digest phenylalanine, present in eggs, fish, meat, milk and cheese, and a special diet is therefore required. If not detected it can result in brain damage from the buildup of phenylalanine in the body. Tested for with a pinprick at birth

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45
Q

When are the two ultrasounds offered during pregnancy?

A

Dating scan at 10-14 weeks (for due dates and normal development)
Anomaly scan at 18-22 weeks (more detailed scan which checks for normal development and birth defects such as a cleft palate or spina bifida)

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46
Q

Nuchal Translucency Test

A

Offered to mothers over 35 years, tests for Down’s Syndrome, allowing parental decision for “amniocentesis requirement”

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47
Q

Caesarean section

A

Delivery of foetus through abdominal incision

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48
Q

Cephalopelvimetry

A

Measurement of the foetal head in relation to the mother’s pelvis

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49
Q

Cordocentesis

A

Withdrawal of foetal blood from umbilical vein

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50
Q

Vibro-acoustics

A

A non-invasive test to stimulate foetal activity

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51
Q

General/simple x-ray

A

Uses radiation to create images of the body based on shadows; used to show chest infections, bone fractures. A contrast medium (for instance Barium) can be used to enhance the picture.

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52
Q

CXR

A

Chest x-ray

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53
Q

DXR

A

Deep X-ray therapy

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54
Q

AXR

A

Abdominal x-ray

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55
Q

Ba M

A

Barium meal/ swallow (upper parts of digestive system)

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56
Q

Ba E

A

Barium enema (inserted via the anus for the lower parts of the digestive system)

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57
Q

fMRI

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (uses magnetism to build pictures of the body in cross sections; clearly shows soft tissues, and a single scan can show many areas of the body)

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58
Q

CAT/CT

A

Computerised axial tomography/ Computerised tomography (takes pictures of the body at angles to build a 3d image, can be used to diagnose tumours, and can be used in combination with contrast mediums which are injected to show blood vessels)

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59
Q

USS

A

Ultrasound scan (sound waves at high frequency create images of organs and structures)

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60
Q

PET

A

Positron emission therapy (using radioisotopes this scan is used to investigate metabolic physiological processes, helpful for diagnosing cancer, also beneficial in investigating strokes and epilepsy)

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61
Q

DEXA

A

Dual energy X-ray (scan for bone density)

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62
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

Uses light on a phosphor screen to observe movement of internal parts

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63
Q

Echocardiogram

A

Using sound waves to record the heart

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64
Q

What are the four sections of Pathology?

A

Microbiology, Haematology, Biochemistry, Histopathology/Cytology

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65
Q

Pathogenic Micro-organisms

A

Pertaining to the formation of disease carrying organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye

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66
Q

The 4 types of pathogenic micro-organism

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa

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67
Q

Bacteria/ bacteriology

A

A single cell or non-cellular organism lacking in chlorophyll

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68
Q

Virus/ virology

A

This replicates itself only within the living cells of the host

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69
Q

Fungi/ mycology

A

These could be yeasts or moulds, distinct from green plants

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70
Q

Protozoa/ protozoology

A

A single cell organism that can only divide within a host organisation

71
Q

C + S

A

Culture and sensitivity; growing micro-organisms in the laboratory and testing them for sensitivity to antibiotics

72
Q

Hb

A

Haemoglobin

73
Q

FBC

A

Full blood count

74
Q

RBC

A

Red blood count

75
Q

MCV

A

Mean corpuscular volume

76
Q

PCV

A

Packed cell volume

77
Q

ESR

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

78
Q

WBC/ WBC & diff

A

White blood cell count/ white blood cell count and differential

79
Q

Haemopoeisis

A

Blood formation. Occurs in red bone marrow. Made up of leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets (which slow blood loss by releasing clotting properties), thrombocytes (clotting cells)

80
Q

Platelets

A

Cells that slow blood loss by releasing clotting properties

81
Q

Plasma

A

Clear, yellowish fluid that carries the contents of the blood around the body

82
Q

Coagulation

A

When platelets become sticky and join together to form fibres

83
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature red blood cells made in the bone marrow

84
Q

Erythroblasts

A

Immature red blood cells containing a nucleus

85
Q

Polymorphonuclear cells/ phagocytes

A

Have a nucleus with several lobes and cytoplasm containing granules

86
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells occurring especially in the lymphatic system. Contain granulocytes.

87
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granular cells that eat up intruders (neutro= neutral, phil= cell type with an affinity for)

88
Q

Eosinophils/ basophils

A

The other two types of granular cell. These respectively have an affinity for red acid dye and alkaline

89
Q

Arteries

A

Expand to accommodate extra blood

90
Q

Arterioles

A

Dilate and constrict

91
Q

Anticoagulation

A

Reduce’s the body’s ability to form clots in the blood

92
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels

93
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

One of the main veins

94
Q

Superior vena cava

A

One of the main veins

95
Q

Venules

A

Collect blood from capillaries and drain it into veins

96
Q

Antigen

A

Identity marker in the blood

97
Q

Agglutinogen

A

Antigen in surface of red blood cell

98
Q

Rh agglutinogen

A

Named after the rhesus monkey

99
Q

Blood group A

A

Contains agglutinogen A

100
Q

Blood group B

A

Contains agglutinogen B

101
Q

Blood group O

A

No agglutinogen

102
Q

Rhesus positive Rh+

A

Contains Rh agglutinogen

103
Q

Rhesus negative Rh-

A

Lacks Rh agglutinogen

104
Q

Anaemia

A

Condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced

105
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

Low numbers of erythrocytes

106
Q

Nutritional anaemia

A

Insufficient amounts of iron or B12

107
Q

Haemolytic anaemia

A

Red blood cells are broken down more rapidly than normal

108
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

Abnormality in haemoglobin causing red blood cells forming into a sickle shape

109
Q

Biochemistry

A

Study of chemical substances

110
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Use of chemical agents to treat disease

111
Q

Histopathology

A

Study of tissue disease (live biopsies are taken, which is live tissue being removed and examined)

112
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells. Cells are studied from fluids, e.g. MSU (Midstream specimen of urine), sputum or pleural fluid, these are examined for cancers and precancerous changes e.g. WCC

113
Q

Polycythaemia

A

Abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells

114
Q

Leukaemia

A

Acute or chronic uncontrolled production of leucocytes- malignant

115
Q

Cyanosis

A

Decrease in % of haemoglobin resulting in a blue tinge to lips and nails

116
Q

Septicaemia

A

Blood poisoning- sepsis of the blood

117
Q

Thrombocytopaenia

A

Very low platelet count causing a tendency to bleed from capillaries
Paenia= deficiency

118
Q

Venesection

A

Withdrawal of blood from a vein- the term phlebotomy is also used

119
Q

BS

A

Blood sugar test

120
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen test

121
Q

CPK

A

Creatinine kinase- could indicate myocardial infarction

122
Q

FBS

A

Fasting blood sugar test

123
Q

GI

A

Glycaemic index test

124
Q

GTT

A

Gluten tolerance test

125
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate (kidney disease test)

126
Q

HbA1c

A

Glucose bound to haemoglobin (diabetes test)

127
Q

HDL

A

High density lipoproteins

128
Q

INR

A

International normalised ratio (clotting time)

129
Q

LFTs

A

Liver function tests

130
Q

Ig

A

Immunoglobin

131
Q

LDL

A

Low density lipoproteins

132
Q

pH

A

Potential of hydrogen (acid/alkaline balance)

133
Q

PBI

A

Protein bound iodine

134
Q

TFTs

A

Thyroid function tests

135
Q

U&Es

A

Urea and electrolytes test

136
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine test

137
Q

AFP

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

138
Q

C&S

A

Culture and sensitivity

139
Q

CVS

A

Chorionic villus sampling

140
Q

EMU

A

Early morning urine

141
Q

MSU

A

Midstream specimen of urine

142
Q

O&S

A

Organism and sensitivity

143
Q

O2

A

Oxygen

144
Q

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide

145
Q

Ca

A

Calcium

146
Q

Fe

A

Iron

147
Q

K

A

Potassium

148
Q

Mg

A

Magnesium

149
Q

Na

A

Sodium

150
Q

P

A

Phosphorus

151
Q

Urinalysis

A

Analysis of the solutes that make up 4-6% of urine (the rest is water)

152
Q

Urea

A

Urine contaminated with bacteria- co2 is converted to ammonia and creates strong smell

153
Q

Urochrome

A

Colour of the urine. Will be darker if there is jaundice of the liver, as this excretes bile into the urine

154
Q

Urea

A

Ammonia combined with CO2 (found in urine)

155
Q

Creatinine

A

Normal alkaline constituent of blood (found in urine)

156
Q

Uric Acid

A

Product of broken-down acids, common component of kidney stones (calculi) (found in urine)

157
Q

Ketones

A

Normally found in very small amounts, but can be high concentrations in cases of diabetes or starvation (found in urine)

158
Q

Albumin, when found in urine, indicates:

A

Increased blood pressure, injury or disease to permeating membranes

159
Q

Glucose, when found in the urine, indicates:

A

Stress or diabetes mellitus

160
Q

Erythrocytes, when found in the urine, indicate:

A

A pathological condition, acute inflammation or disease (also tumours, trauma or kidney disease)

161
Q

Leucocytes or pus, when found in urine, indicate:

A

Infection in the kidneys or other urinary organs

162
Q

Bilirubin, when found in the urine, indicates:

A

Parts splitting off from destroyed red blood cells

163
Q

Urobilinogen, when found in urine, indicates:

A

Traces are normal, but excess shows potential anaemia, congestive heart failure, jaundice, cirrhosis or obstruction

164
Q

Microbes (usually candida albicans), when found in urine, indicate:

A

A parasitic fungus that affects the mouth, skin, intestines or vagina (candida albicans)

165
Q

Nitrates, when found in the urine, indicate:

A

Infection

166
Q

Blood, when found in the urine, indicates:

A

Kidney or bladder disease

167
Q

Contrast medium

A

A substance which is swallowed or administered in a percutaneous manner to enhance a scan or X-ray

168
Q

ili/o-

A

Ilium/ flank: uppermost and largest part of the hip bone

169
Q

ile/o

A

Ileum: the final part of the small intestine

170
Q

Aniso-

A

Unequal/ dissimilar

171
Q

-tome

A

Cutting instrument (e.g. Myringotome, instrument used to cut into the eardrum)

172
Q

Parenteral

A

Originating or administered in another part of the body than the mouth or alimentary canal

173
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

Small red blood cells with a low MCV

174
Q

What is the function of electrolytes in the body?

A

Provide a small electrical charge required for some bodily functions

Medical Terminology BSMSA (45 decks)

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