Additional Terms Pt. 1 Flashcards
Diagnosis
Identification of a disease by examinations of the symptoms and signs
Prognosis
The forecast of the probable course and outcome of the disease
-gnosis
Knowledge!
Primary care
Patient registration with a GP
Secondary care
Hospital attendance
Acquired
Beginning after birth
Acute
Sudden onset
Allergic
Hypersensitivity to foreign proteins
Chronic
Long-standing
Congenital
Present at birth
Cryptogenic
Doubtful or hidden origin
Endocrine
Associated with hormone dysfunction
Familial
Occurs in families
Functional
No anatomical abnormality, but associated with dysfunction
Iatrogenic
Disease produced by the treatment given for the primary illness
Idiopathic
Peculiar to the individual
Infectious
Readily passed on to other people
Local
Involving one area or part of the body specifically
Metabolic
Physiological disorder
Neoplastic
New growth development i.e. Tumours
Nosocomial
Infection acquired from hospital i.e. MRSA
Organic
Structural abnormality
Silent
No obvious signs or symptoms
Systemic
Involving the entire body
Traumatic
Involving injury
Aetiology
Study of the cause of disease
Benign
Harmless
Malignant
Harmful
Palliative
Alleviates symptoms
Therapeutic
Relating to treatment by remedial agents or methods
Therapy
Treatment
Pyrexia
Fever
The nine key symptoms of infection in the body
Pyrexia, shivering, headache, pain, skin discolouration, rash, swelling, inflammation, malaise
Malaise
Lethargy
Systolic pressure
Noise heard when the heart muscles contract
Diastolic pressure
Pressure when the heart muscles are resting and filling with blood
How is blood pressure measured?
Using a sphygmomanometer
How is a blood pressure measurement presented?
Systolic (contracting) over diastolic (resting). Measured in millimetres of Mercury (mm/Hg)
Systole
The systolic pressure is the noise heard when the heart muscles contract and pump blood from the chambers into the arteries
Diastole
The diastolic pressure is when the heart refills with blood and the ventricles are filling and resting
BP
Blood pressure
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
Mm/Hg
Millimetres of Mercury
What are the 4 levels of structure that combine to form a living being?
Cells, tissues, organs, systems
Karyo
Nucleus
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
What is tissue made up of?
Groups of cells
The 4 types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are the 4 bodily regions within terminology?
Cephalic, upper extremities, abdominal, lower extremities
What are the three main cavities of the body?
Dorsal, ventral, abdominopelvic
What does the dorsal cavity contain?
Brain and spinal cord
What does the ventral (thoracic) cavity contain?
Heart, lungs, mediastinum
What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
Abdominal organs, intestines, bladder, reproductive system
Median
Midline
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
Proximal
Near
Distal
Further away
Superficial
Nearer the surface
Deep
Further away from the surface
When using a body scanner, what is a sagittal plane?
Vertical plane of the body top to bottom
When using a body scanner, what is a midsagittal plane?
Equal left and right parts of the body
When using a body scanner, what is the parasagittal plane?
Beside the parasagittal plane of the body
When using a body scanner, what is the frontal/ coronal plane?
Front to back of the body
When using a body scanner, what is the transverse plane?
Upper and lower parts of the body
When using a body scanner, what is the oblique plane?
Scanning at an angle
In joints, what is a flexion movement?
Decreases the angle between two articulating bones (e.g. Bending the knee or elbow)
In joints, what is an extension?
Increases the angle between two articulating bones (e.g. Straightening the knee or elbow)
In joints, what is a hyperextension?
Overextends beyond the anatomical position (e.g. Tilting head backwards)
In joints, what is a rotation?
Movement of a bone around its own axis (e.g. Moving head side to side or rotating the palm)
In joints, what is an abduction?
Away from the midline (e.g. To lift the arm away from the body, or spread the fingers apart)
In joints, what is an adduction?
Towards the midline (e.g. To lower the arm or close the fingers)
In joints, what is a circumduction?
Combines flexion and extension, as well as abduction and adduction, to form a circular movement (e.g. Moving the arm in a circular movement)
Ankle oedema
Excessive fluid build up around the ankles and lower legs
Auscultation
Listening for sounds for diagnostic purposes
Basal crepitations
Noises heard at the base of the lungs
Bruit
Abnormal sound or murmur
Cachetic
Physical wasting- large loss of weight and muscle mass
Clonus
Muscle contractions
Eupnoea
Normal breathing
Finger clubbing
An increase in soft tissue at the ends of the fingers, with nail changes
JVP
Jugular venous pressure
Lymphadenopathy
Disease of the lymph glands
Rales
Abnormal rattling sounds
Rhonchi
Wheezing sound in the bronchial tubes
Stridor
Harsh sound on inspiration (breathing in)
The five major senses!
Sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch
Supercilium
Eyebrows
Op-
Seeing/ looking at
Or-
A person/ agent
Ophthalmology
Study of the eye
Lacrimal apparatus
Produces tears
Retinal fundus
Hollow structure that forms the interior lining of the eyeball
Anterior cavity
The gap in front of the lens within the eye. Filled with a watery fluid (aqueous humour)
Intraocular pressure
The pressure of the eye (produced by the aqueous humour)- helps maintain the eye ball’s shape
Vitreous chamber
Larger cavity of the eyeball which contains a jelly like substance called the vitreous humour. This prevents the eyeball from collapsing and holds the retina against the eyeball
Three layers of the exterior eyeball
Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic (or retina)
Fibrous tunic
The outer layer of the eyeball- consists of the sclera (eyeball lining) , the cornea (protects iris) and the conjunctiva (membrane that lines the eyelid)
Vascular tunic
Middle layer of the eyeball consisting of the choroid (vascular membrane) which absorbs light rays, the ciliary body (responsible for near and far vision) and the iris (responsible for the amount of light entering the eye)
Nervous tunic or retina
Photoreceptors pass information through the optic disc to the optic nerve. The optic nerve contains rods, which receive light and dark, and cones, which receive colour. It then transmits the information to the brain, for translation into sight.
Macula
Area of the eye in which cones proliferate.
Achromatopsia
Complete colour blindness
Astigmatism
Irregular cornea shape causing blurring
Cataract
A clouding of the lens (cataract = waterfall)
Dacryostenosis
Narrowing of a tear duct
Glaucoma
Abnormally high intraocular pressure
Macular degeneration
Degeneration of vision normally in old age or diabetes
Mydriasis
Abnormally dilated pupil
Phacoemulsification
Treatment of cataracts
Ptosis
Drooping eyelid
Strabismus
Imbalance of eye muscles
Cor /core
Pupil
Irid
Iris
Phac/o Phak/o
Eye lens / Americanisation
Ametropia
Inability to focus due to a defect
Emmetropia
Measured normal vision
Phacoemulsification
Lens of the eye is liquified by vibration and sucked out, then replaced by a plastic lens (to treat cataracts)
Ophthalmotonometry
Procedure used to measure eye pressure in the diagnosis of glaucoma
Pinna
Ear flap
Pinna
Ear flap
Eustachian tube
Auditory tube
Auditory ossicles
Three bones in the middle ear (some of the smallest in the body). They transmit sound from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth.
Malleus
(Hammer) An ossicle attached to the inner surface of the eardrum
Incus
Receives vibrations from the malleus and transmits them further into the ear
Stapes
Third auditory ossicle
Vestibule
Middle part of the bony labyrinth, responsible for balance
Cochlea
Responsible for auditory sensation
Semicircular canals
Responsible for movement and passing information on to the brain
Static equilibrium
Detection of linear acceleration (vestibular function)
Dynamic equilibrium
Detection of angular acceleration (semicircular canals)
AD
Auris dextra- right ear
AS
Auris sinistra- left ear
What are the three auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes
Decibel
Unit of measurement for intensity of sound
Salping/o
Eustachian tubes (also refers to fallopian tubes in the reproductive system)
Audiologist
Specialist in the study of hearing
Conductive deafness
Impairment of the middle ear mechanism
Grommet
Very small tube which drains fluid from the middle ear
Labyrinthine disease
Internal ear impairment (deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea)
Meniere’s Disease
Increased fluid in the internal ear
Myringoplasty
Surgical ear drum repair
Otitis externa
Inflammation of the external ear
Otitis interna
Inflammation of the internal ear
Otitis media
Bacterial infection of the middle ear
Otosclerosis
Hardening of bone in the ear
Rinne’s test
Test for deafness using a tuning fork
Sensorineural deafness
Caused by an impaired cochlea or nerve
Tinnitus
Ringing, roaring or clicking in the ears
Vertigo
Spinning sensation, dizziness
Weber’s test
Test for comparison of hearing in both ears
Olfactory sensation
Sense of smell
Olfactory nerve
First and shortest cranial nerve, also known as CN1. Consists of afferent (towards centre) and efferent (away from centre) sensory fibres.
Cilia
Hair like projections which help to move air along passages in the body
Nares
Nostrils
Anosmia
Inability to smell- this is temporary but can be a sign of degenerative brain disease, such as Parkinson’s or Huntington’s
Hyposmia
Reduced ability to smell, can be temporary when caused by inflammation
Dysosmia
Smells are mixed up, for instance a rose might smell like rotting garbage
What are the four types of sinus
Maxillary (behind cheekbones), ethmoid (bridge of the nose) sphenoid (forehead) , frontal (above eyes)
Cacosmia
Condition of stench or unpleasant odour
Meatus
A passage or opening
Mucopurulent
Containing mucous or pus
Mucosal
Pertaining to the membrane lining the maxillary sinus
Mucous
A viscous secretion
Purulent
Containing pus
Leucopaenia
Abnormally low levels of white blood cells
Parotitis
Inflammation of the parotid glands (salivary)
Pharmacology
Study of drugs
Syndrome
Collection of medical symptoms which do not correlate but are associated with a specific disease or disorder
Orthoptics
The study or treatment of irregularities of the eyes
Stertorous
Noisy and laboured breathing
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung
