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Medical Terminology BSMSA > Additional Terms Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Additional Terms Pt. 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identification of a disease by examinations of the symptoms and signs

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2
Q

Prognosis

A

The forecast of the probable course and outcome of the disease

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3
Q

-gnosis

A

Knowledge!

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4
Q

Primary care

A

Patient registration with a GP

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5
Q

Secondary care

A

Hospital attendance

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6
Q

Acquired

A

Beginning after birth

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7
Q

Acute

A

Sudden onset

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8
Q

Allergic

A

Hypersensitivity to foreign proteins

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9
Q

Chronic

A

Long-standing

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10
Q

Congenital

A

Present at birth

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11
Q

Cryptogenic

A

Doubtful or hidden origin

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12
Q

Endocrine

A

Associated with hormone dysfunction

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13
Q

Familial

A

Occurs in families

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14
Q

Functional

A

No anatomical abnormality, but associated with dysfunction

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15
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Disease produced by the treatment given for the primary illness

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16
Q

Idiopathic

A

Peculiar to the individual

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17
Q

Infectious

A

Readily passed on to other people

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18
Q

Local

A

Involving one area or part of the body specifically

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19
Q

Metabolic

A

Physiological disorder

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20
Q

Neoplastic

A

New growth development i.e. Tumours

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21
Q

Nosocomial

A

Infection acquired from hospital i.e. MRSA

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22
Q

Organic

A

Structural abnormality

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23
Q

Silent

A

No obvious signs or symptoms

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24
Q

Systemic

A

Involving the entire body

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25
Q

Traumatic

A

Involving injury

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26
Q

Aetiology

A

Study of the cause of disease

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27
Q

Benign

A

Harmless

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28
Q

Malignant

A

Harmful

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29
Q

Palliative

A

Alleviates symptoms

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30
Q

Therapeutic

A

Relating to treatment by remedial agents or methods

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31
Q

Therapy

A

Treatment

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32
Q

Pyrexia

A

Fever

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33
Q

The nine key symptoms of infection in the body

A

Pyrexia, shivering, headache, pain, skin discolouration, rash, swelling, inflammation, malaise

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34
Q

Malaise

A

Lethargy

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35
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Noise heard when the heart muscles contract

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36
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Pressure when the heart muscles are resting and filling with blood

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37
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

Using a sphygmomanometer

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38
Q

How is a blood pressure measurement presented?

A

Systolic (contracting) over diastolic (resting). Measured in millimetres of Mercury (mm/Hg)

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39
Q

Systole

A

The systolic pressure is the noise heard when the heart muscles contract and pump blood from the chambers into the arteries

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40
Q

Diastole

A

The diastolic pressure is when the heart refills with blood and the ventricles are filling and resting

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41
Q

BP

A

Blood pressure

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42
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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43
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure

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44
Q

Mm/Hg

A

Millimetres of Mercury

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45
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure that combine to form a living being?

A

Cells, tissues, organs, systems

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46
Q

Karyo

A

Nucleus

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47
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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48
Q

What is tissue made up of?

A

Groups of cells

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49
Q

The 4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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50
Q

What are the 4 bodily regions within terminology?

A

Cephalic, upper extremities, abdominal, lower extremities

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51
Q

What are the three main cavities of the body?

A

Dorsal, ventral, abdominopelvic

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52
Q

What does the dorsal cavity contain?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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53
Q

What does the ventral (thoracic) cavity contain?

A

Heart, lungs, mediastinum

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54
Q

What does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?

A

Abdominal organs, intestines, bladder, reproductive system

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55
Q

Median

A

Midline

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56
Q

Superior

A

Above

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57
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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58
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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59
Q

Posterior

A

Back

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60
Q

Proximal

A

Near

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61
Q

Distal

A

Further away

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62
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer the surface

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63
Q

Deep

A

Further away from the surface

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64
Q

When using a body scanner, what is a sagittal plane?

A

Vertical plane of the body top to bottom

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65
Q

When using a body scanner, what is a midsagittal plane?

A

Equal left and right parts of the body

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66
Q

When using a body scanner, what is the parasagittal plane?

A

Beside the parasagittal plane of the body

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67
Q

When using a body scanner, what is the frontal/ coronal plane?

A

Front to back of the body

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68
Q

When using a body scanner, what is the transverse plane?

A

Upper and lower parts of the body

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69
Q

When using a body scanner, what is the oblique plane?

A

Scanning at an angle

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70
Q

In joints, what is a flexion movement?

A

Decreases the angle between two articulating bones (e.g. Bending the knee or elbow)

71
Q

In joints, what is an extension?

A

Increases the angle between two articulating bones (e.g. Straightening the knee or elbow)

72
Q

In joints, what is a hyperextension?

A

Overextends beyond the anatomical position (e.g. Tilting head backwards)

73
Q

In joints, what is a rotation?

A

Movement of a bone around its own axis (e.g. Moving head side to side or rotating the palm)

74
Q

In joints, what is an abduction?

A

Away from the midline (e.g. To lift the arm away from the body, or spread the fingers apart)

75
Q

In joints, what is an adduction?

A

Towards the midline (e.g. To lower the arm or close the fingers)

76
Q

In joints, what is a circumduction?

A

Combines flexion and extension, as well as abduction and adduction, to form a circular movement (e.g. Moving the arm in a circular movement)

77
Q

Ankle oedema

A

Excessive fluid build up around the ankles and lower legs

78
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening for sounds for diagnostic purposes

79
Q

Basal crepitations

A

Noises heard at the base of the lungs

80
Q

Bruit

A

Abnormal sound or murmur

81
Q

Cachetic

A

Physical wasting- large loss of weight and muscle mass

82
Q

Clonus

A

Muscle contractions

83
Q

Eupnoea

A

Normal breathing

84
Q

Finger clubbing

A

An increase in soft tissue at the ends of the fingers, with nail changes

85
Q

JVP

A

Jugular venous pressure

86
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Disease of the lymph glands

87
Q

Rales

A

Abnormal rattling sounds

88
Q

Rhonchi

A

Wheezing sound in the bronchial tubes

89
Q

Stridor

A

Harsh sound on inspiration (breathing in)

90
Q

The five major senses!

A

Sight, smell, hearing, taste, touch

91
Q

Supercilium

A

Eyebrows

92
Q

Op-

A

Seeing/ looking at

93
Q

Or-

A

A person/ agent

94
Q

Ophthalmology

A

Study of the eye

95
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Produces tears

96
Q

Retinal fundus

A

Hollow structure that forms the interior lining of the eyeball

97
Q

Anterior cavity

A

The gap in front of the lens within the eye. Filled with a watery fluid (aqueous humour)

98
Q

Intraocular pressure

A

The pressure of the eye (produced by the aqueous humour)- helps maintain the eye ball’s shape

99
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Larger cavity of the eyeball which contains a jelly like substance called the vitreous humour. This prevents the eyeball from collapsing and holds the retina against the eyeball

100
Q

Three layers of the exterior eyeball

A

Fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic (or retina)

101
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

The outer layer of the eyeball- consists of the sclera (eyeball lining) , the cornea (protects iris) and the conjunctiva (membrane that lines the eyelid)

102
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Middle layer of the eyeball consisting of the choroid (vascular membrane) which absorbs light rays, the ciliary body (responsible for near and far vision) and the iris (responsible for the amount of light entering the eye)

103
Q

Nervous tunic or retina

A

Photoreceptors pass information through the optic disc to the optic nerve. The optic nerve contains rods, which receive light and dark, and cones, which receive colour. It then transmits the information to the brain, for translation into sight.

104
Q

Macula

A

Area of the eye in which cones proliferate.

105
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Complete colour blindness

106
Q

Astigmatism

A

Irregular cornea shape causing blurring

107
Q

Cataract

A

A clouding of the lens (cataract = waterfall)

108
Q

Dacryostenosis

A

Narrowing of a tear duct

109
Q

Glaucoma

A

Abnormally high intraocular pressure

110
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Degeneration of vision normally in old age or diabetes

111
Q

Mydriasis

A

Abnormally dilated pupil

112
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

Treatment of cataracts

113
Q

Ptosis

A

Drooping eyelid

114
Q

Strabismus

A

Imbalance of eye muscles

115
Q

Cor /core

A

Pupil

116
Q

Irid

A

Iris

117
Q

Phac/o Phak/o

A

Eye lens / Americanisation

118
Q

Ametropia

A

Inability to focus due to a defect

119
Q

Emmetropia

A

Measured normal vision

120
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

Lens of the eye is liquified by vibration and sucked out, then replaced by a plastic lens (to treat cataracts)

121
Q

Ophthalmotonometry

A

Procedure used to measure eye pressure in the diagnosis of glaucoma

122
Q

Pinna

A

Ear flap

123
Q

Pinna

A

Ear flap

124
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Auditory tube

125
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Three bones in the middle ear (some of the smallest in the body). They transmit sound from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth.

126
Q

Malleus

A

(Hammer) An ossicle attached to the inner surface of the eardrum

127
Q

Incus

A

Receives vibrations from the malleus and transmits them further into the ear

128
Q

Stapes

A

Third auditory ossicle

129
Q

Vestibule

A

Middle part of the bony labyrinth, responsible for balance

130
Q

Cochlea

A

Responsible for auditory sensation

131
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Responsible for movement and passing information on to the brain

132
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Detection of linear acceleration (vestibular function)

133
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Detection of angular acceleration (semicircular canals)

134
Q

AD

A

Auris dextra- right ear

135
Q

AS

A

Auris sinistra- left ear

136
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

137
Q

Decibel

A

Unit of measurement for intensity of sound

138
Q

Salping/o

A

Eustachian tubes (also refers to fallopian tubes in the reproductive system)

139
Q

Audiologist

A

Specialist in the study of hearing

140
Q

Conductive deafness

A

Impairment of the middle ear mechanism

141
Q

Grommet

A

Very small tube which drains fluid from the middle ear

142
Q

Labyrinthine disease

A

Internal ear impairment (deafness, tinnitus, vertigo, nausea)

143
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

Increased fluid in the internal ear

144
Q

Myringoplasty

A

Surgical ear drum repair

145
Q

Otitis externa

A

Inflammation of the external ear

146
Q

Otitis interna

A

Inflammation of the internal ear

147
Q

Otitis media

A

Bacterial infection of the middle ear

148
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Hardening of bone in the ear

149
Q

Rinne’s test

A

Test for deafness using a tuning fork

150
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Caused by an impaired cochlea or nerve

151
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing, roaring or clicking in the ears

152
Q

Vertigo

A

Spinning sensation, dizziness

153
Q

Weber’s test

A

Test for comparison of hearing in both ears

154
Q

Olfactory sensation

A

Sense of smell

155
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

First and shortest cranial nerve, also known as CN1. Consists of afferent (towards centre) and efferent (away from centre) sensory fibres.

156
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections which help to move air along passages in the body

157
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils

158
Q

Anosmia

A

Inability to smell- this is temporary but can be a sign of degenerative brain disease, such as Parkinson’s or Huntington’s

159
Q

Hyposmia

A

Reduced ability to smell, can be temporary when caused by inflammation

160
Q

Dysosmia

A

Smells are mixed up, for instance a rose might smell like rotting garbage

161
Q

What are the four types of sinus

A

Maxillary (behind cheekbones), ethmoid (bridge of the nose) sphenoid (forehead) , frontal (above eyes)

162
Q

Cacosmia

A

Condition of stench or unpleasant odour

163
Q

Meatus

A

A passage or opening

164
Q

Mucopurulent

A

Containing mucous or pus

165
Q

Mucosal

A

Pertaining to the membrane lining the maxillary sinus

166
Q

Mucous

A

A viscous secretion

167
Q

Purulent

A

Containing pus

168
Q

Leucopaenia

A

Abnormally low levels of white blood cells

169
Q

Parotitis

A

Inflammation of the parotid glands (salivary)

170
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs

171
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of medical symptoms which do not correlate but are associated with a specific disease or disorder

172
Q

Orthoptics

A

The study or treatment of irregularities of the eyes

173
Q

Stertorous

A

Noisy and laboured breathing

174
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung

Medical Terminology BSMSA (45 decks)

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