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Medical Terminology BSMSA > Principle Systems Pt. 1 (Skin, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic) > Flashcards

Principle Systems Pt. 1 (Skin, Nervous, Endocrine, Lymphatic) Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Function of skin?

A

Regulates body temperature, protects, and receives stimuli

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2
Q

Function of nervous system?

A

Receives and transmits nerve impulses

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3
Q

Function of endocrine system?

A

Transports hormones through the blood

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4
Q

Function of lymphatic system?

A

Protects against disease

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5
Q

Function of digestive system?

A

Breaks down food for use by the body and eliminates waste

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6
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Distributes oxygen to the cells

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7
Q

Function of the respiratory system?

A

Supplies oxygen

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8
Q

Function of the skeletal system?

A

Supports and protects the body and aids body movement

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9
Q

Function of the muscular system?

A

Brings about movement and maintains posture

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10
Q

Function of the urinary system?

A

Regulates fluids

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11
Q

Function of the reproductive system?

A

Reproduces the organism

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12
Q

Dermatology

A

Study of the skin

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13
Q

Another name for the skin as an organ

A

Integumentary system

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14
Q

The two root words for skin?

A

Dermat/ cutane

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15
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Attaches the skin to underlying structures

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16
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin

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17
Q

Dermis

A

Vascular layer of skin (between epidermis and subcutaneous)

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18
Q

Melanin

A

Dark pigment

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19
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow-orange skin pigment found in people of Asian origin

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20
Q

Which skin layer gives rise to basal cell carcinoma?

A

Basal or germinative layer

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21
Q

Sebum

A

Oily substance which keeps hair from drying out and inhibits bacteria growth

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22
Q

What does sebum form when it accumulates?

A

Blackheads

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23
Q

Medical term for blackheads

A

Comedone

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24
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Oil glands which secrete sebum

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25
Q

What do sudoriferous glands produce?

A

Sweat

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26
Q

Where would you find the apocrine glands?

A

Armpits

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27
Q

Where would you find eccrine glands?

A

All over the skin, except lips (cheil/o) and nails (onych/o)

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28
Q

What do the ceruminous glands do?

A

Produce earwax

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29
Q

What are the 4 main kinds of touch?

A

Light touch, continuous pressure, heat/cold, pain

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30
Q

What is a burn?

A

Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, ultraviolet radiation or corrosive chemicals

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31
Q

1st degree burn

A

Involves the epidermis

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32
Q

2nd degree burn

A

Involves the epidermis and dermis

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33
Q

3rd degree burn

A

Destroys the epidermis, dermis and organs

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34
Q

Acanthosis

A

Thickening of the skin

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35
Q

Acne rosacea

A

Skin disease due to thinning of the skin- acne like spots

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36
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

Skin disease of the sebaceous glands causing papules (red spots)

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37
Q

Bullae

A

Large fluid-containing blisters

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38
Q

Cellulitis

A

Inflammation of the subcutaneous layer of the skin

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39
Q

Chancre

A

Ulcer-type sore associated with syphilis

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40
Q

Dermoid cyst

A

Cyst present at birth–contains embryonic material

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41
Q

DLE

A

Disseminated lupus erythematosus (spreads to destroy vital tissues)

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42
Q

Erosion

A

Rubbing away of tissue

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43
Q

Excoriation

A

Injury worsened by scratching/ friction

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44
Q

Fissure

A

A cleft or split

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45
Q

Haemangioma

A

Birth mark (port wine stain type)

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46
Q

Herpes simplex

A

Virus causes skin infection - cold sores

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47
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Shingles skin infection due to chicken pox virus

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48
Q

Hidr/o

A

Sweat

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49
Q

Impetigo

A

Acute and contagious disease–pustules and scabs

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50
Q

Kerat/o

A

Root for scaly/horny

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51
Q

Lesion

A

Abnormal change in tissue

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52
Q

Lupus erythematosus

A

Inflammatory dermatitis- ‘butterfly lesions’ over nose and cheeks

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53
Q

Macule

A

Spot or discolouration not raised above the skin- measles rash

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54
Q

Naevus

A

Birth mark

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55
Q

Nodule

A

Small node

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56
Q

Papilloma

A

Simple tumour- not malignant

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57
Q

Papule

A

Spot- small, raised and solid

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58
Q

Paronychia

A

Infection of the nail bed (whitlow)

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59
Q

Percutaneous

A

Through the skin

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60
Q

Pil/o, trich/o

A

Hair

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61
Q

SLE

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus- spreads to destroy vital tissues

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62
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

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63
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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64
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic nervous system

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65
Q

Neurology

A

Study of disorders of the functions and disorders of the nervous system

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66
Q

Four main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum/ cortex, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

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67
Q

Main lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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68
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Co-ordinate skeletal muscles and maintains muscle tone

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69
Q

What does the diencephalon do?

A

Controls pain, temperature, touch and pressure, as well as being responsible for our emotions

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70
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord

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71
Q

What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

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72
Q

Grey matter

A

Cranial nerve cells

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73
Q

White matter

A

The myelin sheath around cranial cells

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74
Q

Schwann cells

A

Cells that make up a myelin sheath

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75
Q

What are the 4 parts of a nerve cell?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, dendrite/tree, axon

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76
Q

What does cytoplasm do in a nerve cell?

A

Surrounds the nucleus

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77
Q

What does the dendrite/tree do in a nerve cell?

A

Receives impulses and connects up the parts of the cell

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78
Q

What does the axon do in a nerve cell?

A

Conducts impulses away from the cell body

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79
Q

Neurone

A

Basic structural nerve cell

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80
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting nerve cells that stick to the neuron and the synapse (glia= glue)

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81
Q

Synapse

A

The gap between two neurons

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82
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that carries electrical impulses

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83
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membrane of the brain and spinal cord

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84
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Protective fluid layer of brain and spinal cord

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85
Q

What are the 3 layers, and 2 spaces in between, of the meninges?

A

Dura mater (hard outer layer), epidural space, arachnoid mater (vascular layer), subarachnoid space, pia mater (soft inner layer)

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86
Q

Akathisia

A

Inability to sit still (restlessness)

87
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Disease caused by destruction of neurones

88
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to speak (caused by brain damage)

89
Q

Ataxia

A

Uncoordinated gait when walking

90
Q

Babinski’s

A

A sign of reflex of toe upwards instead of down- nervous system damage

91
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Paralysis of facial muscles due to injury or cranial nerve disease

92
Q

BSE

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

93
Q

CJD

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (fatal degenerative brain disorder)

94
Q

CVA

A

Cerebrovascular accident or stroke- ruptured or blocked blood vessels

95
Q

Dysarthria

A

Difficulty in articulation of speech due to nerve damage

96
Q

Hydrocephaly

A

Excessive cerebrospinal fluid due to circulation damage- water on the brain

97
Q

Idio

A

Peculiar to the individual

98
Q

Kinesis

A

Movement

99
Q

Microcephaly

A

Abnormally small head

100
Q

MND

A

Motor neurone disease- progressive damage to parts of the nervous system

101
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Compulsive sleeping at any time

102
Q

Poli/o

A

Grey matter

103
Q

Somatic

A

Pertaining to the body

104
Q

TENS

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

105
Q

TIA

A

Transient Ischaemic Attack- insufficient blood supply to the brain

106
Q

Cerebral angiogram

A

X-ray of the blood vessels of the brain using an opaque medium

107
Q

Craniotomy

A

Cutting into the cranium to relieve pressure

108
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram- records electrical activity of the brain

109
Q

Intrathecal

A

Injection directly into the meninges

110
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Withdrawal of spinal fluid from the meninges of the spinal cord

111
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges

112
Q

Lepto-

A

Thin

113
Q

Leptomeningitis

A

Inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid membrane

114
Q

Pachy-

A

Thick

115
Q

Pachymeningitis

A

Inflammation of the dura mater

116
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria (coccus)

117
Q

Coccus

A

Bacteria

118
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

119
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands which allow hormones to be released directly into the bloodstream

120
Q

What are the 6 main types of endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus

121
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Glands with ducts that release secretions

122
Q

What are the 3 main types of exocrine gland?

A

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

123
Q

What do the merocrine glands do?

A

Release saliva

124
Q

What do the holocrine glands do?

A

Sebaceous/ oil releasing glands

125
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that controls aggression and rage, regulates food and drink intake, and maintains consciousness and sleep patterns

126
Q

How does the hypothalamus work?

A

Receives messages from nerve cells, which then triggers a response from the pituitary gland

127
Q

The 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior and posterior

128
Q

The 6 anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

HGH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

129
Q

The 2 posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

ADH, Oxytocin

130
Q

HGH

A

Human Growth Hormone (carbohydrate control)

131
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (controls the thyroid gland)

132
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (stimulates the adrenal cortex)

133
Q

FSH

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (acts on the reproductive system)

134
Q

LH

A

Luteinising Hormone (acts on the reproductive system)

135
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin (stimulates production of milk)

136
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (controls water in the body by acting on the kidneys)

137
Q

Oxytocin

A

Causes the uterus to contract, starting labour and milk production

138
Q

Acromegaly

A

Oversecretion of HGH

139
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Under secretion of ADH

140
Q

Dwarfism

A

Under secretion of HGH during growth years

141
Q

Gigantism

A

Over secretion of HGH during the growth years

142
Q

Main function of the thyroid gland

A

Manufacturing thyroxine (atoms of iodine) as well as calcitonin (calcium and phosphate in the blood)

143
Q

Thyroxine

A

Hormone which plays a crucial part in the function of almost all the body’s systems

144
Q

Calcitonin

A

Controls calcium levels in the blood

145
Q

Cretinism

A

Under secretion of thyroid hormones in a foetus, or in infancy

146
Q

Exopthalmos

A

Over secretion of thyroid hormones making the eyes protrude

147
Q

Goitre

A

Over secretion of thyroid hormones, enlarging the thyroid gland

148
Q

Myxoedema

A

Under active thyroid gland causing swelling of facial tissues

149
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid glands?

A

Control calcium levels by releasing PTH (Parathyroid Hormone). Also helps control levels of phosphate and vitamin D

150
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Deficiency of PTH

151
Q

Tetany

A

Deficiency of calcium

152
Q

Tests to measure for thyroxine

A

T3 and T4

153
Q

Two parts of the adrenal glands

A

Cortex and medulla

154
Q

The 5 adrenal gland hormones

A

Cortisone, aldosterone, gonadocorticoids, adrenaline, noradrenaline

155
Q

Cortisone

A

Controls the use of glucose

156
Q

Aldosterone

A

Controls blood pressure and salt balance

157
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

Sex hormones (steroids)

158
Q

Adrenaline

A

Prepares the body for action

159
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Maintains an even blood pressure

160
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Over secretion of cortisone

161
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Under secretion of aldosterone

162
Q

Virilism/ masculinisation

A

Excess male sex hormone produced

163
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin (skin pigment)

164
Q

Function of the thymus gland

A

Helps induce the production of antibodies and releases thymosin and thymopoietin

165
Q

Thymosin

A

Stimulates the development of T cells (plays a central role in immune response)

166
Q

Thymopoietin

A

Hormone which affects the rate at which your skin ages

167
Q

Which 2 hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

168
Q

Which hormone do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

169
Q

Which organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

170
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas (respectively as an endocrine, and an exocrine gland)?

A 
Endocrine= secretes insulin
Exocrine= secretes it into the gastro-intestinal tract
171
Q

What are the three key symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

172
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased urination

173
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

174
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive eating

175
Q

IDDM (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

A

Type I Diabetes

176
Q

NIDDM (non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus)

A

Type II Diabetes

177
Q

Type I Diabetes

A

Early onset diabetes requiring insulin, patients are known as insulin dependent

178
Q

Type II Diabetes

A

Late onset and much more common than Type I Diabetes. Normally occurs in people over 40 and overweight. The symptoms can be controlled by diet, exercise and/ or medication

179
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Too much insulin is administered or a meal is skipped- insufficient glucose

180
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Too little insulin causes excess glucose

181
Q

Long-term complications of unmanaged diabetes

A

Heart and blood vessel diseases, kidney disease, diseases of the nerves and diseases of the eyes

182
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the immune system

183
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

A network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph towards the heart

184
Q

Lymph

A

Clear liquid containing white blood cells

185
Q

Metastasis

A

When cancer spreads via the lymphatic system to other areas of the body

186
Q

Lymph duct

A

Large lymph vessel that empties lymph into a subclavian vein

187
Q

Subclavian vein

A

Large blood vessel in the neck- a deep vein

188
Q

What are the two lymph ducts called?

A

Right duct, thoracic duct

189
Q

Antigens

A

Chemicals foreign to the body

190
Q

Pathogens

A

Contain antigens

191
Q

Human Autoimmune Disease

A

When the immune system mistakenly recognises its own tissues and chemicals as foreign bodies

192
Q

RA

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

193
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Human Autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints

194
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Human Autoimmune Disease causing inflammation in the joints, skin and other organs

195
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Human Autoimmune Disease. Rare complication from a bacterial throat infection. Causes painful joints and heart problems.

196
Q

Hemolytic anaemia

A

Anaemia due to haemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of RBCs, in blood vessels or other parts of the body (usually the spleen)

197
Q

Pernicious anaemia

A

Condition where the body can’t make enough healthy RBCs because it doesn’t have enough vitamin B12

198
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

Human Autoimmune Disease. Also known as toxic diffuse goiter, it frequently results in hyperthyroidism and an enlarged thyroid.

199
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

Human Autoimmune Disease. Affects the brain and spinal cord with varying severity.

200
Q

Adenitis

A

Inflammation of a gland

201
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

202
Q

Allergies

A

Overreaction to an antigen (produces immunity)

203
Q

Anasarca

A

Widespread oedema (the fluid in tissues doesn’t drain back)

204
Q

Ascites

A

Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity

205
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodefiency Virus

206
Q

Hodgkin’s Disease

A

A form of cancer of the lymphatic system caused by a virus

207
Q

Lymohangi/o

A

Lymph vessels

208
Q

Lymphocythaemia

A

Excessive lymphocytes in the blood

209
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Small form of leucocyte with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system

210
Q

Lymphocytopenia

A

Deficiency of lymphocytes in the blood

211
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Infectious disease (glandular fever)

212
Q

Paracentesis

A

Drawing off of fluid

213
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the spleen

214
Q

Thoracocentesis

A

Drawing off of fluid from the chest

Medical Terminology BSMSA (45 decks)

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