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Reproduction SOH > Pregnancy Physiology > Flashcards

Pregnancy Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Delivery is considered normal any time between __ and __ weeks ?

A

37 and 42 weeks

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2
Q

Pregnancy lasts for __ weeks?

A

40

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3
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube (at day 1)

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4
Q

The fertilised egg differentiates whilst it is moving to implantation site. What are the different fertilised egg states?

A

Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst

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5
Q

At what day does the blastocyst reach uterus?

A

day 4-5

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6
Q

Where and when does implantation occur?

A

Uterine lining in the uterus (at day 5-8)

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7
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

Trophoblastic cells in the blastocyst tunnel deep into the uterine lining (endometrium) they are attached to, carving out a hole for the blastocyst

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8
Q

At what day is implantation finished?

A

Day 12

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9
Q

Inner cells of the blastocyst

A

Develop into the embryo

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10
Q

Outer cells of the blastocyst

A

Burrow into the uterine wall and become the placenta

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11
Q

Fertilisation occurs at day ?

A

1

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12
Q

When is the first trimester complete

A

13 weeks

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13
Q

When is the second trimester complete?

A

28 weeks

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14
Q

When is the third trimester complete?

A

40 weeks

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15
Q

If having a normal pregnancy with no complications, how many US scans are required in pregnancy?

A

2 scans

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16
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed?

A

+ve pregnancy test

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17
Q

What is the marker in pregnancy test?

A

beta HCG

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18
Q

What is the function of the placenta in pregnancy?

A

Produces several hormones to maintain the pregnancy

Provides nutrition for embryo

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19
Q

Which 2 tissues is the placenta derived from?

A

Trophoblast tissue

Decidual tissue

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20
Q

How does placenta form?

A

Trophoblasts (chorion) differentiate into multinucleate cells (syncytiotrophoblasts) which invade decidua and break down capillaries to form cavities filled with maternal blood.
It then develops villi

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21
Q

What is the importance of the villi projections of the placenta?

A

Blood vessels from the embryo develop here.

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22
Q

Is there direct contact between fetal and maternal blood in the placenta?

A

No

- separated by a thin membrane

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23
Q

There is exchange of which of the following between mother and foetus?

  • nutrients
  • blood
  • respiratory gases
A

Nutrients

Respiratory gases

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24
Q

At which week of pregnancy does the placenta become functional?

A

Week 5

25
Q

Placenta - oxygen transport

A

Oxygen diffuses from maternal -> foetal circulation

Carbon dioxide diffuses from foetal -> maternal circulation

26
Q

There is a higher/lower concentration of Hb in a foetus compared to adult? what does this mean?

A

Higher Hb in foetus

- higher affinity to carry oxygen

27
Q

Placenta - nutrient and waste products - what is the foetus’ main source of energy?

A

Glucose

28
Q

Placenta - nutrient and waste products - most glucose is required for the foetus at which trimester?

A

3rd

29
Q

Placenta - drug transport - name some drugs which are teratogenic

A 
Thalidomide
Warfarin
Carbamazepine
Tetracycline
Alcohol
Nicotine
Heroin
Caffience
Cocaine
30
Q

Hormone changes - Human chorionic gonadotrophic (HCG) function

A

Signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone. This prevents the disintegration of the corpus luteum.

31
Q

Which 2 hormones maintain pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

Oestrogen

32
Q

Hormone changes - Human Chorionic Somaromammotropin (HCS) function

A

Growth hormone-like effects ; protein tissue formation

Decreases insulin sensitivity in mother so there is more glucose available for the foetus

33
Q

When is HCS produced?

A

From around 5 week gestation

34
Q

Hormonal changes - progesterone function

A

Stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids

35
Q

Progesterone INCREASES/DECREASES uterine contractility?

A

Decreases

36
Q

Oestrogen INCREASES/DECREASES uterine contractility?

A

Increases

37
Q

Which hormone is more important for breast development: oestrogen or progesterone?

A

Oestrogen

38
Q

Cardiovascular changes happen early/late in pregnancy?

A

Early

39
Q

Outline the main CVS changes that occur during pregnancy

A 
Increased blood volume -> 
Increased plasma volume -> 
Increased cardiac output -> 
Increased stroke volume -> 
Increased maternal HR -> 
Decreased total peripheral resistance
40
Q

At what gestation does the CO peak?

A

24 weeks

41
Q

Pregnancy causes vasoconstriction/vasodilation?

A

Vasodilation

42
Q

During early pregnancy, BP INCREASES/DECREASES?

A

Decreases

43
Q

During the 3rd trimester, BP INCREASES/DECREASES?

A

Increases

44
Q

After delivery, what happens to the BP ?

A

Decreases after delivery but subsequently rises and to normal levels at day 3-4 post delivery

45
Q

During pregnancy, there is INCREASED/DECREASED haemoglobin?

A

Decreased

46
Q

In what way does progesterone alter respiratory function during pregnancy?

A

Increased progesterone signals the brain to lower CO2 levels

47
Q

During pregnancy, there is increased/decreased oxygen consumption? why is this?

A

Increased

To meet metabolic need of foetus, placenta and mother

48
Q

During pregnancy, there is INCREASED/REDUCED functional residual capacity? Why is this?

A

Reduced

As the enlarging uterus is causing diaphragmatic elevation

49
Q

Breathlessness is most common in 1st/2nd/3rd trimester?

A

3rd trimester

50
Q

Urinary system changes - what happens to GFR?

A

Increases

51
Q

How much total weight does a mother usually gain during pregnancy (kg) ?

A

11kg

  • 5kg from foetus
  • 6kg own body weight
52
Q

How many extra calories does the mother require / day during pregnancy?

A

250-300kcal/day

53
Q

At which point in pregnancy is there accelerated starvation of the mother?

A

Third trimester

54
Q

Which hormone inhibits contractility and which increases contractility?
Oestrogen
Progesterone

A

Oestrogen - increases contractility

Progesterone - inhibits contractility

55
Q

Where is oxytocin released from>

A

Maternal posterior pituitary gland

56
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Increases uterine contractions

Stimulates placenta to make prostaglandins

57
Q

What do prostaglandins do to contractions/

A

Stimulate more vigorous contraction of the uterus

58
Q

During the menstrual cycle, when is the fertile period?

A

5 days before ovulation

1 day after ovulation

Reproduction SOH (50 decks)

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