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Reproduction SOH > Pregnancy Physiology > Flashcards

Pregnancy Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Delivery is considered normal any time between __ and __ weeks ?

A

37 and 42 weeks

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2
Q

Pregnancy lasts for __ weeks?

A

40

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3
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube (at day 1)

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4
Q

The fertilised egg differentiates whilst it is moving to implantation site. What are the different fertilised egg states?

A

Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst

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5
Q

At what day does the blastocyst reach uterus?

A

day 4-5

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6
Q

Where and when does implantation occur?

A

Uterine lining in the uterus (at day 5-8)

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7
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

Trophoblastic cells in the blastocyst tunnel deep into the uterine lining (endometrium) they are attached to, carving out a hole for the blastocyst

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8
Q

At what day is implantation finished?

A

Day 12

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9
Q

Inner cells of the blastocyst

A

Develop into the embryo

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10
Q

Outer cells of the blastocyst

A

Burrow into the uterine wall and become the placenta

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11
Q

Fertilisation occurs at day ?

A

1

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12
Q

When is the first trimester complete

A

13 weeks

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13
Q

When is the second trimester complete?

A

28 weeks

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14
Q

When is the third trimester complete?

A

40 weeks

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15
Q

If having a normal pregnancy with no complications, how many US scans are required in pregnancy?

A

2 scans

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16
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosed?

A

+ve pregnancy test

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17
Q

What is the marker in pregnancy test?

A

beta HCG

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18
Q

What is the function of the placenta in pregnancy?

A

Produces several hormones to maintain the pregnancy

Provides nutrition for embryo

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19
Q

Which 2 tissues is the placenta derived from?

A

Trophoblast tissue

Decidual tissue

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20
Q

How does placenta form?

A

Trophoblasts (chorion) differentiate into multinucleate cells (syncytiotrophoblasts) which invade decidua and break down capillaries to form cavities filled with maternal blood.
It then develops villi

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21
Q

What is the importance of the villi projections of the placenta?

A

Blood vessels from the embryo develop here.

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22
Q

Is there direct contact between fetal and maternal blood in the placenta?

A

No

- separated by a thin membrane

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23
Q

There is exchange of which of the following between mother and foetus?

  • nutrients
  • blood
  • respiratory gases
A

Nutrients

Respiratory gases

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24
Q

At which week of pregnancy does the placenta become functional?

25
Placenta - oxygen transport
Oxygen diffuses from maternal -> foetal circulation | Carbon dioxide diffuses from foetal -> maternal circulation
26
There is a higher/lower concentration of Hb in a foetus compared to adult? what does this mean?
Higher Hb in foetus | - higher affinity to carry oxygen
27
Placenta - nutrient and waste products - what is the foetus' main source of energy?
Glucose
28
Placenta - nutrient and waste products - most glucose is required for the foetus at which trimester?
3rd
29
Placenta - drug transport - name some drugs which are teratogenic
``` Thalidomide Warfarin Carbamazepine Tetracycline Alcohol Nicotine Heroin Caffience Cocaine ```
30
Hormone changes - Human chorionic gonadotrophic (HCG) function
Signals the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone. This prevents the disintegration of the corpus luteum.
31
Which 2 hormones maintain pregnancy?
Progesterone | Oestrogen
32
Hormone changes - Human Chorionic Somaromammotropin (HCS) function
Growth hormone-like effects ; protein tissue formation | Decreases insulin sensitivity in mother so there is more glucose available for the foetus
33
When is HCS produced?
From around 5 week gestation
34
Hormonal changes - progesterone function
Stimulates decidual cells to concentrate glycogen, proteins and lipids
35
Progesterone INCREASES/DECREASES uterine contractility?
Decreases
36
Oestrogen INCREASES/DECREASES uterine contractility?
Increases
37
Which hormone is more important for breast development: oestrogen or progesterone?
Oestrogen
38
Cardiovascular changes happen early/late in pregnancy?
Early
39
Outline the main CVS changes that occur during pregnancy
``` Increased blood volume -> Increased plasma volume -> Increased cardiac output -> Increased stroke volume -> Increased maternal HR -> Decreased total peripheral resistance ```
40
At what gestation does the CO peak?
24 weeks
41
Pregnancy causes vasoconstriction/vasodilation?
Vasodilation
42
During early pregnancy, BP INCREASES/DECREASES?
Decreases
43
During the 3rd trimester, BP INCREASES/DECREASES?
Increases
44
After delivery, what happens to the BP ?
Decreases after delivery but subsequently rises and to normal levels at day 3-4 post delivery
45
During pregnancy, there is INCREASED/DECREASED haemoglobin?
Decreased
46
In what way does progesterone alter respiratory function during pregnancy?
Increased progesterone signals the brain to lower CO2 levels
47
During pregnancy, there is increased/decreased oxygen consumption? why is this?
Increased | To meet metabolic need of foetus, placenta and mother
48
During pregnancy, there is INCREASED/REDUCED functional residual capacity? Why is this?
Reduced | As the enlarging uterus is causing diaphragmatic elevation
49
Breathlessness is most common in 1st/2nd/3rd trimester?
3rd trimester
50
Urinary system changes - what happens to GFR?
Increases
51
How much total weight does a mother usually gain during pregnancy (kg) ?
11kg - 5kg from foetus - 6kg own body weight
52
How many extra calories does the mother require / day during pregnancy?
250-300kcal/day
53
At which point in pregnancy is there accelerated starvation of the mother?
Third trimester
54
Which hormone inhibits contractility and which increases contractility? Oestrogen Progesterone
Oestrogen - increases contractility | Progesterone - inhibits contractility
55
Where is oxytocin released from>
Maternal posterior pituitary gland
56
What is the function of oxytocin?
Increases uterine contractions | Stimulates placenta to make prostaglandins
57
What do prostaglandins do to contractions/
Stimulate more vigorous contraction of the uterus
58
During the menstrual cycle, when is the fertile period?
5 days before ovulation | 1 day after ovulation

Reproduction SOH (50 decks)

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